Synonym name: alpha-mangostin; Mangostin
Catalogue No.: BP0155
Cas No.: 6147-11-1
Formula: C₂₄H₂₆O₆
Mol Weight: 410.466
Botanical Source: Pigment from Garcinia mangostana

Purity: 95%~99%
Analysis Method: HPLC-DAD or/and HPLC-ELSD
Identification Method: Mass, NMR
Packing: Brown vial or HDPE plastic bottle
Can be supplied from milligrams to grams, up to kilograms.

Inquire for bulk scale.

Storage conditions：Short-term storage at 2~8℃, long-term storage at -20 ~ -80℃

Introduction/Overview

Alpha Mangostin (CAS number: 6147-11-1) is a natural plant derived xanthone compound that has attracted much attention due to its rich biological activity. As one of the main active ingredients extracted from the stem of Cratoxylum cochinchinense, α - hesperetin exhibits various pharmacological effects, including antioxidant, antibacterial, anti-tumor, anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, and renal protective effects. In recent years, with the in-depth study of the pharmacological mechanisms of natural products, α - quercetin has shown significant therapeutic potential in various disease models, especially in the fields of tumors, neurodegenerative diseases, and endothelial dysfunction. This article aims to provide a systematic review of the chemical structure, plant origin, pharmacological activity, mechanism of action, pharmacological evaluation, and clinical application prospects of α - quercetin, in order to provide theoretical basis and research direction for its application in new drug development.

Chemical structure and physicochemical properties

α - cyclodextrins belong to the class of xanthone compounds, with a core structure of 9H xanthone ring. The ring is substituted with hydroxyl groups at positions 1, 3, and 6, methoxy at position 7, oxo at position 9, and isoprene side chains at positions 2 and 8. This structure endows it with unique chemical properties and biological activity. Its molecular formula is C24H26O6, with a molecular weight of 410.4660 and a LogP value of 4.6118, indicating strong lipid solubility. The polar surface area (TPSA) is 100.13 Å ², indicating that it has certain polar groups that are conducive to interactions with biomolecules. Low water solubility (0.0192 mg/mL) limits its solubility and bioavailability in aqueous phase. The low permeability of the blood-brain barrier suggests limited penetration ability of the central nervous system, but this may also reduce the risk of central toxicity. The negative result of hERG channel inhibition experiment indicates a low risk of cardiac toxicity. The Ames mutagenicity test value is 0.6, indicating a low risk of genotoxicity and a good safety basis.

Plant sources and extraction methods

Alpha spinosad is mainly extracted from the stem of Cratoxylum cochinchinense, a plant belonging to the Primulaceae family and distributed in Southeast Asia. Traditionally, Cratoxylum plants have been used in folk medicine as anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and detoxifying herbs. The extraction of α - spinosad is usually carried out by organic solvent extraction, and commonly used solvents include ethanol, methanol, and ethyl acetate. The extraction process generally includes the following steps:

1. Sample Pretreatment Dry and crush plant stems into fine powder to increase solvent extraction efficiency.
2. Solvent extraction Using reflux or ultrasound assisted extraction techniques, 70% ethanol or pure ethanol is used for multiple extractions to extract xanthenone compounds.
3. Concentrated separation Remove the solvent by vacuum concentration to obtain the crude extract.
4. Separation and purification Using methods such as silica gel column chromatography and reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) for separation and purification, high-purity α - quercetin was obtained.

In recent years, supercritical CO2 extraction and microwave-assisted extraction technologies have also been applied to improve extraction efficiency and purity, reduce the use of organic solvents, and conform to the concept of green chemistry.

Pharmacological activity research

Alpha spinosad exhibits broad-spectrum pharmacological activity with multiple targets and mechanisms, mainly including the following aspects:

antioxidant activity

As a natural xanthenone, α - quercetin has significant free radical scavenging ability. In vitro experiments have shown that it can effectively scavenge DPPH radicals, hydroxyl radicals, and superoxide anions, reducing oxidative stress damage. Its antioxidant effect is achieved by activating the nuclear factor E2 related factor 2 (NFE2L2) signaling pathway, promoting the expression of antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and enhancing the antioxidant defense ability of cells.

Antibacterial and antifungal activity

Alpha spinosad exhibits inhibitory effects on various Gram positive and negative bacteria, particularly on Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and fungi such as Candida albicans. Its antibacterial mechanism mainly involves cell membrane disruption, protein synthesis inhibition, and metabolic interference. In vitro experiments have shown that α - spinosad can inhibit the formation of bacterial biofilms and reduce the survival ability of drug-resistant strains.

Antitumor activity

Alpha spinosad has shown inhibitory effects on proliferation, induction of apoptosis, and inhibition of migration in various tumor cell lines. The mechanism includes:

• Inhibiting the expression of MMP-2 and MMP-9, blocking the invasion and metastasis of tumor cells, and related signaling pathways involving α v β 3 integrin/FAK/ERK and NF - κ B.
• Regulating cell cycle related proteins and inducing G1 phase arrest in tumor cells.
• Activating the mitochondrial pathway induces cell apoptosis and increases intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels.
• Inhibition of IDH1-R132H mutant activity affects tumor metabolic reprogramming, with a Ki value of 2.85 μ M, indicating its potential for targeted therapy in specific tumor types.

Neuroprotective and analgesic effects

Alpha endorphins exert peripheral and central analgesic effects by regulating opioid receptors, vanillic acid receptors, and glutamatergic system. In addition, it reduces neuroinflammation and oxidative stress by regulating the l-arginine/NO/cGMP/PKC/K (+) - ATP pathway, protecting nerve cells from damage. In animal models, α - quercetin significantly improves neurological dysfunction and reduces neuropathic pain.

anti-inflammatory effect

Alpha rennin can inhibit the expression of various pro-inflammatory factors such as TNF - α, IL-1 β, and IL-6, suppress the activity of NF - κ B signaling pathway, and alleviate inflammatory response. In endothelial cells, it improves endothelial dysfunction by regulating signaling molecules such as STAT3 and PRKCA, and has potential cardiovascular protective effects.

Renal protective effect

Alpha lipocalin exhibits protective effects in renal injury models, mainly through antioxidant and anti-inflammatory mechanisms, reducing damage to renal tubular epithelial cells, inhibiting fibrosis processes, and improving renal function.

Mechanism of action and molecular targets

The multiple biological activities of α - quercetin depend on its interactions with multiple molecular targets, mainly involving the following key targets and signaling pathways:

• APP (amyloid precursor protein)Regulating neuroprotective and antioxidant responses may be involved in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease.
• PTPN1 (protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B): Regulate cell metabolism and inflammatory response. α - troponin improves insulin signal transduction by inhibiting PTPN1, and has potential anti diabetes effect.
• STAT3 (Signal Transduction and Transcription Activation Factor 3)The key pro-inflammatory and tumor signaling molecule, α - catenin, inhibits its phosphorylation, blocks inflammation and tumor progression.
• PRKCA (protein kinase C alpha)Participate in cell proliferation and differentiation, regulate inflammatory response, and exert protective effects by regulating the PRKCA signaling pathway through α - rennin.
• AKR1B1 (aldose reductase): It is related to the complications of diabetes. α - troponin inhibits its activity and alleviates diabetes related endothelial damage.
• MMP2 (Matrix Metalloproteinase 2)Participate in the degradation of extracellular matrix, promote tumor invasion, inhibit its expression with α - catenin, and block tumor metastasis.
• NFE2L2 (Nuclear Factor E2 Related Factor 2)Regulating antioxidant response, α - catenin activates this factor and enhances the cell's ability to resist oxidative stress.
• BCHE (butyrylcholinesterase)Involved in neurotransmitter metabolism, may affect cognitive function.
• P4HB (protein disulfide isomerase)Participate in protein folding and regulate cellular stress response.
• XDH (xanthine dehydrogenase)Participate in oxidative stress response, and α - quercetin reduces oxidative damage by regulating its activity.

In addition, alpha rennin, as a novel competitive histamine H1 receptor antagonist, exhibits anti allergic potential and may be used to treat allergic diseases.

Evaluation of drug properties and pharmacokinetics

The comprehensive evaluation of the pharmacological properties of α - quercetin shows that it has certain advantages and challenges:

• Molecular weight and lipid solubility The molecular weight is 410.4660, with a LogP of about 4.6. It belongs to compounds with strong lipid solubility, which is beneficial for cell membrane penetration, but may limit water solubility and oral absorption.
• Polarized surface area (TPSA)100.13 Å ² indicates that it has certain polar groups that facilitate binding to target proteins.
• Water solubility Extremely low (0.0192 mg/mL) limits its bioavailability and requires formulation optimization such as nanocarriers, liposomes, etc. to improve solubility and stability.
• Blood-brain barrier penetrability Low, indicating limited penetration ability of the central nervous system, but this has positive implications for avoiding central side effects.
• safety HERG inhibition negative reduces the risk of cardiac toxicity; The Ames test has low mutagenicity and good safety.
• pharmacokinetics At present, there is limited research on the in vivo absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) of α - quercetin. Preliminary data indicates that its oral bioavailability is low and mainly metabolized through the liver. Further research is needed on the metabolites and their activities.

Clinical application prospects and prospects

Based on its multi-target and multi mechanism pharmacological activity, α - quercetin has shown broad clinical application potential in multiple disease fields:

• tumor therapy By inhibiting tumor cell proliferation, migration, and inducing apoptosis, especially targeting IDH1 mutant tumors, α - rennin is expected to become a new candidate for anti-tumor drugs.
• Neuroprotection and analgesia The neuroprotective and analgesic effects of α - quercetin in the management of neurodegenerative diseases and chronic pain deserve further clinical validation.
• cardiovascular disease By improving endothelial dysfunction and inhibiting inflammatory reaction, it may be used as an adjuvant treatment for atherosclerosis, hypertension and other diseases.
• Anti inflammatory and anti allergic Its histamine H1 receptor antagonistic activity and anti-inflammatory effect provide new ideas for the treatment of allergic and inflammatory diseases.
• Kidney protection In diabetes nephropathy and other kidney diseases, the protective effect of α - troponin is expected to alleviate the damage of renal function.

Future research should focus on pharmacokinetic optimization, dosage form innovation, and systematic evaluation of clinical safety and efficacy, promoting its transition from laboratory research to clinical application.

Conclusion

As a natural xanthenone compound with rich biological activity, α - quercetin has shown broad application prospects in antioxidant, antibacterial, anti-tumor, neuroprotective, and anti-inflammatory fields due to its multi-target and multi mechanism pharmacological effects. Despite certain limitations in its water solubility and bioavailability, improvements in modern pharmaceutical formulation technology are expected to overcome these bottlenecks. In the future, combined with systematic pharmacokinetic studies and clinical trials, α - quercetin is expected to become an important candidate molecule for natural product drug development, providing new strategies and choices for the treatment of various complex diseases.