Product name: Withaferin A
Synonym name:
Catalogue No.: BP4186
Cas No.: 5119-48-2
Formula: C28H38O6
Mol Weight: 470.606
Botanical Source: Ashwagandha
Physical Description:
Type of Compound: Terpenoids
Purity: 95%~99%
Analysis Method: HPLC-DAD or/and HPLC-ELSD
Identification Method: Mass, NMR
Packing: Brown vial or HDPE plastic bottle
Storage: Store in a well closed container, protected from air and light. Put into refrigerate or freeze for long term storage.
Whenever possible, you should prepare and use solutions on the same day. However, if you need to make up stock solutions in advance, we recommend that you store the solution as aliquots in tightly sealed vials at -20℃. Generally, these will be useable for up to two weeks.
The product could be supplied from milligrams to grams
Inquire for bulk scale.
For Reference Standard and R&D, Not for Human Use Directly.
HNMR of Withaferin A
HPLC of Withaferin A
Storage conditions：Short-term storage at 2~8℃, long-term storage at -20 ~ -80℃
96.3600
3.2928
3.2926
.0202
2.7502
8.9950
High
85.9062
5.7212
No
No
No
No
Yes
No
0.0
No
No
No
Yes
Withaferin A (CAS number: 5119-48-2) is a typical steroid lactone natural product, first isolated from the Solanaceae plant Withania somnifera. As one of the widely used medicinal plant components in traditional medicine, Zhuqiaosu A has attracted much attention due to its multi-target and multifunctional pharmacological activities. In recent years, with the deepening development of molecular pharmacology and natural product chemistry, the potential application value of puerarin A in various disease models such as anti-inflammatory and anti-tumor has gradually been revealed, becoming a hot topic in natural product pharmacology research.
The pharmacological effects of Zuojiaosu A are mainly attributed to its regulation of various signaling pathways and molecular targets, especially its inhibitory effect on the nuclear factor kappa B (NF - κ B) signaling pathway, as well as its targeted intervention on the cytoskeletal protein vimentin. In addition, solanine A can also inhibit the shedding of endothelial protein C receptor (EPCR), further affecting inflammatory reaction and vascular function. This article will provide a systematic review of the chemical structure and physicochemical properties, plant sources and extraction methods, pharmacological activity and mechanism of action, pharmacological evaluation and pharmacokinetic characteristics of Zhuqiaosu A, and explore its clinical application prospects and future research directions.
Drunken eggplant extract A belongs to the natural product of steroid lactones, with a molecular formula of C28H38O6 and a molecular weight of 470.6060. Its structural core is a typical steroid skeleton, containing a four ring steroid structure and forming lactone rings at positions C-22 and C-26. The structure contains multiple reactive functional groups, such as alpha, beta unsaturated ketones, epoxy groups, and hydroxyl groups, which endow it with unique biological activity and chemical reactivity.
In terms of physical and chemical properties, the LogP value of Zhuqiaosu A is 3.2928, indicating moderate lipid solubility and favorable cell membrane permeability. Its topological polar surface area (TPSA) is 96.3600, indicating that the molecule has a certain polarity that facilitates binding with biomolecules. Low water solubility (0.0202 mg/mL) suggests limited solubility in aqueous phase, which may affect bioavailability. Drunken eggplant extract A has a high blood-brain barrier permeability, indicating its potential application value in central nervous system diseases. The safety evaluation shows that it does not have hERG channel inhibitory activity, and the Ames mutagenicity test is negative, indicating a low toxicological risk.
Drunken eggplant extract A is mainly found in the sleeping eggplant (Withania somnifera), which is a plant of the Solanaceae family and widely distributed in India, Pakistan, and the Middle East. Sleeping eggplant is used as a medicinal herb in traditional Indian Ayurvedic medicine to replenish qi, nourish blood, and relieve inflammation and pain. Drunken eggplant extract A, as one of its main active ingredients, is usually concentrated in the roots and leaves.
The common methods for extracting Solanine A include solvent extraction, liquid-liquid partitioning, and chromatographic purification. Generally, methanol or ethanol is used as the extraction solvent to obtain crude extracts through reflux extraction or ultrasound assisted extraction. Subsequently, lipid soluble impurities were removed using liquid-liquid partitioning, and separation and purification were carried out using techniques such as silica gel column chromatography and reverse phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC). In recent years, supercritical CO2 extraction and molecular imprinting techniques have also been applied to the efficient extraction and purification of solanine A, significantly improving yield and purity.
Drunken eggplant extract A has a wide range of pharmacological activities, covering multiple fields such as anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor, antioxidant, immune regulation, and neuroprotection.
Drunken eggplant extract A exhibits significant anti-inflammatory effects by regulating inflammation related signaling pathways through multiple targets. Its main targets include key inflammatory mediators and signaling molecules such as IL-6, STAT3, CASP1, TRPV1, PTGS1, TNF, TRPA1, NOS2, PTGS2, and NFKB1. Research has shown that Zuojian A can inhibit the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF - α and IL-6, block the STAT3 signaling pathway, and alleviate inflammatory responses. In addition, the regulation of TRPV1 and TRPA1 plasma channels by Zuojiaosu A can help alleviate inflammatory pain.
Drunken eggplant extract A exhibits inhibitory effects on proliferation, induction of apoptosis, and inhibition of metastasis in various tumor cell lines. Its anti-tumor mechanism involves inhibition of the NF - κ B signaling pathway, targeted disruption of cytoskeletal protein vimentin, and regulation of cell cycle regulatory proteins. By covalently binding with vimentin, berberine A can disrupt the cytoskeleton structure and inhibit the migration and invasion ability of tumor cells. In addition, Zhuqiaosu A induces ROS generation in tumor cells and activates mitochondrial mediated apoptosis.
Drunken eggplant extract A also exhibits antioxidant, immune regulatory, and neuroprotective effects. In neurological disease models, it reduces nerve damage by inhibiting inflammation and oxidative stress. The inhibition of drunk solanine A on the shedding of endothelial protein C receptor (EPCR) suggests its potential value in vascular protection and antithrombotic effect.
The mechanism of action of Zuojiaosu A is complex and diverse, mainly based on its covalent binding with key proteins and regulation of signaling pathways.
NF - κ B is a core transcription factor that regulates immune and inflammatory responses. Drunken eggplant extract A inhibits the activity of I κ B kinase (IKK), prevents the phosphorylation and degradation of I κ B α, thereby inhibiting NF - κ B nuclear translocation and reducing the expression of pro-inflammatory genes. This mechanism is the key basis for its anti-inflammatory and anti-tumor activities.
Vimentin, as an intermediate fibrin, is involved in maintaining cell morphology, migration, and signal transduction. Drunken eggplant extract A forms a covalent bond with the thiol group of vimentin, causing a change in its polymerization state, disrupting the integrity of the cytoskeleton, and inhibiting the migration and invasion ability of tumor cells.
Drunken eggplant extract A regulates various inflammation related molecules, including IL-6, STAT3, CASP1, TRPV1, PTGS1, TNF, TRPA1, NOS2, PTGS2, and NFKB1, forming a complex signaling network to regulate inflammatory responses. In addition, melatonin A inhibits the shedding of endothelial protein C receptor (EPCR), maintains vascular endothelial function, and prevents inflammation and thrombosis.
The pharmacological parameters of Zhuqiaosu A show that it has good potential for drug development. The molecular weight of 470.6060 conforms to Lipinski's rule, and the LogP value of 3.2928 indicates moderate lipid solubility, which is beneficial for cell membrane penetration. The TPSA is 96.3600, indicating that it has a certain polarity and is helpful for binding to target proteins. Low water solubility may limit its oral bioavailability, but it can be improved through pharmaceutical formulation technology.
Drunken eggplant extract A can penetrate the blood-brain barrier, demonstrating its potential application advantages in central nervous system diseases. In terms of safety, the lack of hERG channel inhibitory activity and negative Ames test results indicate a low risk of cardiac and genetic toxicity.
Pharmacokinetic studies have shown that berberine A has a rapid distribution and metabolism in the body, mainly through the liver metabolic enzyme system for conversion. Its half-life is moderate and suitable for multiple administrations. In the future, further optimization of its pharmacokinetic properties is needed to improve in vivo stability and bioavailability.
Drunken eggplant extract A, as a multi-target natural product, has broad clinical application potential. Its significant anti-inflammatory and anti-tumor activities make it promising for the treatment of inflammatory diseases, autoimmune diseases, and various malignant tumors. Especially in cancer treatment, berberine A can overcome the drug resistance and metastatic ability of tumor cells by inhibiting the NF - κ B signaling pathway and disrupting the cytoskeleton, and has the potential to become an adjuvant or combination therapy drug.
In addition, research on the role of Zuojiaosu A in neurodegenerative diseases, cardiovascular diseases, and immune regulation is gradually underway, and its inhibitory effect on EPCR shedding provides a new therapeutic approach for vascular protection. In the future, by combining modern pharmaceutical formulation technologies such as nanocarriers and liposomes, the bioavailability and targeting of berberine A are expected to be significantly improved.
However, the clinical translation of Zhuqiaosu A still faces many challenges, including poor water solubility, rapid in vivo metabolism, and potential non-specific effects. Future research should focus on structural modification, dosage form optimization, and systematic toxicological evaluation to promote its clinical application.
As a typical natural product of steroidal lactones, Zhuqiaosu A exhibits a wide range of pharmacological activities in anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor, and vascular protection due to its unique chemical structure and multi-target regulatory ability. Its inhibition of the NF - κ B signaling pathway and targeting of vimentin provide a solid molecular basis for its anti-tumor and anti-inflammatory mechanisms. The evaluation of drug properties shows that it has good potential for drug development, but still needs to overcome limitations in water solubility and pharmacokinetics.
In the future, in-depth research on Zuojiaosu A will help reveal more of its biological functions and promote its clinical application. Through the combination of structural optimization and modern formulation technology, Zhuqiaosu A is expected to become a new drug for the treatment of various inflammation related diseases and tumors, contributing important forces to the field of natural product pharmacology.
