Synonym name:
Catalogue No.: BP0933
Cas No.: 67765-58-6
Formula: C14H19NO7
Mol Weight: 313.306
Botanical Source: Ilex warburgii, Menispermum dauricum and Semiaquilegia adoxoides
Purity: 95%~99%
Analysis Method: HPLC-DAD or/and HPLC-ELSD
Identification Method: Mass, NMR
Packing: Brown vial or HDPE plastic bottle
Can be supplied from milligrams to grams.
For Reference Standard and R&D, Not for Human Use Directly.
Inquire for bulk scale.
Storage conditions：Short-term storage at 2~8℃, long-term storage at -20 ~ -80℃
Natural products, as an important source of drug discovery, have always held a central position in the development of antiviral drugs. With the continuous threat of viral diseases, the search for natural active compounds with novel structures and unique mechanisms of action has become a research hotspot. Menissaurin, a cyanogenic glycoside isolated from the plant Flueggea virosa, has attracted widespread attention due to its significant antiviral activity. This article aims to provide a systematic review of the chemical structure and physicochemical properties, plant sources and extraction methods, pharmacological activity research, mechanism of action and molecular targets, drug efficacy evaluation, and pharmacokinetic characteristics of Batrachenan. Finally, it explores its clinical application prospects and future research directions, providing theoretical basis and research references for the drug development of this compound.
Menissaurin (CAS number: 67765-58-6) is a cyanogenic glycoside with a molecular formula of C15H19NO7 and a molecular weight of 313.3060. Its structural features include the binding of a cyano group (- CN) to a glycosidic moiety, endowing it with unique biological activity. In terms of physical and chemical properties, the LogP value of Batrachide Cyanide is -1.0206, indicating its strong hydrophilicity and good water solubility (64.6377 mg/mL), which has a positive impact on the absorption and bioavailability of oral administration. Its topological polar surface area (TPSA) is 143.4 Å ², indicating a high molecular polarity that may limit its ability to pass through the blood-brain barrier, consistent with its low blood-brain barrier permeability. In addition, the compound did not exhibit hERG channel inhibition and the Ames test result was 0.0, indicating a low risk of genetic toxicity and a good safety basis.
Batrachenan is mainly isolated from the plant Flueggea virosa. Flueggea virosa belongs to Euphorbiaceae, which is widely distributed in tropical and subtropical areas. It is commonly used in traditional medicine to treat infectious diseases and inflammation. The roots, stems, and leaves of this plant contain abundant bioactive components, among which Batrachenan, as one of the main cyanogenic glycosides, has been proven to have significant pharmacological activity.
The common methods for extracting cyanogenic glycosides from Platycodon grandiflorus include solvent extraction and column chromatography separation. Generally, ethanol or methanol is used as the extraction solvent, and crude extract is obtained by reflux extraction, followed by purification using silica gel column chromatography or high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) technology. The purification process requires temperature and pH control to prevent hydrolysis and degradation of the cyanide glycoside structure. In recent years, the application of ultrasound assisted extraction and microwave-assisted extraction technologies has improved the extraction efficiency and purity, providing technical support for the large-scale preparation of Batrachenan cyanins.
The pharmacological activity research of Batrachenan mainly focuses on its antiviral effect. Multiple in vitro experiments have shown that Batrachenan exhibits inhibitory activity against various viruses, including DNA and RNA viruses, particularly in the fight against human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).
In anti HIV research, Batrachenan can significantly inhibit virus replication and reduce viral load. Its function is not limited to the inhibition of viral reverse transcriptase and protease, but also involves intervention in the process of virus entry and integration. In addition, Batrachenan has shown certain inhibitory effects on herpes virus (HSV) and other members of the herpes virus family, indicating its broad-spectrum antiviral potential.
Animal models and cell experiments further validated its antiviral activity, showing low cytotoxicity and good selectivity index (SI), laying the foundation for it as a candidate molecule for antiviral drugs. In addition to antiviral effects, some studies have also reported that Batrachenan has anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects, which may enhance host defense capabilities by reducing the inflammatory response caused by viral infection.
The antiviral mechanism of Batrachenan involves multiple key viral proteins and host factors, and its molecular targets mainly include:
Myeloperoxidase (MPO)MPO is an important oxidase in the host immune system, involved in inflammatory responses and antibacterial defense. Batvine cyanins regulate MPO activity, alleviate infection related oxidative stress, and protect tissues from damage.
Herpesvirus associated proteins (UL42, UL54, ICP27, TK, gD)These proteins are involved in processes such as viral DNA replication, transcriptional regulation, enzyme activity, and viral invasion. Batrachenan inhibits virus replication by interfering with the function of these proteins, blocking key steps in the virus lifecycle.
HIV related targets (CCR5, CXCR4, HIV1-PR, INT)CCR5 and CXCR4 are the main co receptors of HIV, involved in the entry of the virus into host cells. HIV1-PR is a viral protease, and INT is an integrase. Batrachenan inhibits virus invasion by blocking CCR5 and CXCR4 receptors; Simultaneously inhibiting the activity of HIV protease and integrase, blocking virus replication and genome integration.
The multi-target mechanism of action gives Batrachenan an advantage in antiviral therapy, effectively addressing virus mutations and drug resistance issues. In addition, its impact on host immune regulation helps to enhance the overall effectiveness of antiviral therapy.
From the perspective of medicinal properties, Batrachenan has good potential for drug development. Its molecular weight (313.3) meets the requirements of Lipinski's rule, with a LogP value of -1.02, showing good water solubility and moderate hydrophilicity, which is beneficial for drug dissolution and absorption. A higher TPSA (143.4 Å ²) suggests stronger polarity, which may limit the penetration of the central nervous system, but is beneficial for the treatment of most peripheral viral infections.
Low blood-brain barrier permeability reduces the risk of central nervous system toxicity. The negative result of hERG channel inhibition experiment indicates a low risk of cardiac toxicity. The Ames test is non mutagenic and has high safety.
In terms of pharmacokinetics, there is currently limited systematic research on Batrachenan Cyanide. However, based on its physicochemical properties, oral absorption may be limited by polarity and molecular structure, and further optimization of administration methods or structural modifications are needed to improve bioavailability. Its metabolic pathway may involve the liver enzyme system, and in vivo metabolic kinetics and toxicology studies are needed to clarify its metabolites and safety.
Batrachenan, as a natural product with multi-target antiviral activity, has demonstrated broad clinical application potential. The current antiviral drugs face challenges of resistance and side effects, and the multi mechanism action of Batrachenan provides the possibility to overcome these issues. Its significant inhibitory effect on HIV and herpes virus makes it particularly suitable for development as a new antiviral drug or adjuvant therapy.
Future research should focus on the following aspects:
In depth pharmacokinetic and toxicological research Systematically evaluate its in vivo behavior and safety, and guide clinical dose design.
Structural optimization and drug design Improving oral absorption and targeting through chemical modification, enhancing drug efficacy and pharmacokinetic performance.
Deepening mechanism research Using molecular biology and structural biology techniques, elucidate the details of its interactions with viruses and host targets.
Advance preclinical and clinical research Conduct animal model validation and early clinical trials to evaluate its efficacy and safety.
Exploration of Combination Medication Strategy Combining existing antiviral drugs to exert synergistic effects and reduce the risk of drug resistance.
In summary, as a representative of natural antiviral drugs, Batrachenan has good development prospects and deserves more resources and research efforts in the field of drug research and development.
As an important cyanogenic glycoside in Flueggea virosa, Batrachide Cyanide exhibits significant pharmacological activity and good safety characteristics due to its unique chemical structure and multi-target antiviral mechanism. Its physicochemical properties and pharmacological parameters provide a solid foundation for subsequent drug development. Although research on its pharmacokinetics and clinical applications is still in its early stages, its potential in combating HIV and other viral infections cannot be ignored. In the future, through interdisciplinary collaboration, we will delve into the mechanism of action of Batrachide Cyanide, optimize its drug properties, and promote its clinical translation, which will bring new breakthroughs to antiviral therapy. The continuous development of natural product pharmacology will further explore the medicinal value of Batrachenan and similar compounds, and help humanity fight against viral diseases.
