Product name: 3α-Hydroxymogroside IA1
Synonym name:
Catalogue No.: BP2062
Cas No.:
Formula: C₃₆H₆₂O₉
Mol Weight: 638.883
Botanical Source: Momordica grosvenorii and Siraitia siamensis; Luohanguo
Type of Compound: Triterpenoids

Purity: 95%~99%
Analysis Method: HPLC-DAD or/and HPLC-ELSD
Identification Method: Mass, NMR
Packing: Brown vial or HDPE plastic bottle

Storage: Store in a well closed container, protected from air and light. Put into refrigerate or freeze for long term storage.
Whenever possible, you should prepare and use solutions on the same day. However, if you need to make up stock solutions in advance, we recommend that you store the solution as aliquots in tightly sealed vials at -20℃. Generally, these will be useable for up to two weeks.

The product could be supplied from milligrams to grams
Inquire for bulk scale.


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3 α - hydroxysiraitin IA1: rare sweet glycosides from Siraitia grosvenorii and their potential pharmaceutical value

1. Overview

3 α - hydroxymogroside IA1 (3 α - hydroxymogroside IA1) is a traditional medicinal plant monk fruit（Siraitia grosvenorii）Cucurbitane type triterpenoid saponins isolated from the middle. As a member of Siraitia grosvenorii glycosides family, it represents an important branch of the chemical structure diversity of this kind of natural products. Momordica grosvenorii glycoside Extremely high sweetness(up to hundreds of times that of sucrose) and Almost zero heat It has long been developed as an important natural sweetener worldwide. However, in addition to its excellent sensory properties, recent studies have gradually revealed that mogroside and its derivatives, such as 3 α - hydroxymogroside IA1, may contain Biological activity and pharmacological potential。

At present, the public research data on 3 α - hydroxysiraitin IA1 is relatively limited, and its CAS number, precise molecular formula and molecular weight and other basic information have yet to be fully analyzed, which to some extent reflects the chemical research of this compound in natural products Rarity and novelty The product number BP2062 indicates that it has become a standard or research compound, marking the beginning of systematic research on it. The purpose of this paper is to systematically sort out and scientifically evaluate the chemical properties, sources, potential pharmacological activities, and pharmaceutical properties of 3 α - hydroxy siraitin IA1 based on the existing information, combined with the known scientific background of siraitin family, and look forward to its future research direction, providing a professional reference for natural product pharmaceutical researchers.

2. Chemical structure and physicochemical properties

3 α - hydroxysiraitin IA1 belongs to Siraitin Mogrosides class compounds. The basic skeleton of mogroside is cucurbitane type triterpenoid, and its aglycone is Siraitol（Mogrol）。 The aglycones are structurally linked with different amounts and types of sugar groups (mainly glucose groups), forming a variety of sweet glycosides, including Arhat fruit glycoside IIE, III, IV, V, and saimen glycoside I.

The compound name "3 α - hydroxysiraitin IA1" provides key structural information:
- 3 α - hydroxy groups It refers to the introduction of an α - hydroxy (- OH) at the C-3 position of the siraitol aglycone skeleton. This is one of them that is different from common momordica grosvenorii glycosides (such as momordica grosvenorii glycoside V, whose C-3 position is usually linked to the sugar group)Characteristic modification The presence of free hydroxyl groups may significantly alter their polarity, hydrogen bonding ability, and subsequent biological activity.
- “IA1”This is usually a naming suffix based on chromatographic separation sequence or specific structural features, which may indicate that it is a specific member of a series (such as monosaccharide chains or specific hydroxylation patterns).

Although its precise molecular formula and molecular weight are temporarily lacking, we can reasonably speculate based on the structure of Arhat IA. The known Arhat IA is a monosaccharide glycoside formed by the connection of mogroside with glucose at C-3 position. Therefore, 3 α - hydroxysiraitin IA1 is probably based on this. The C-3 position of aglycone itself is hydroxylated, and the glycosyl linkage position may change (for example, transfer to other hydroxyl sites), or the sugar chain composition may be different. This Hydroxylation modification It is an important source of structural diversity in natural products, often associated with enhanced antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and other activities.

In terms of physicochemical properties, as a triterpenoid saponin, this compound should possess the following characteristics:
- solubility Due to its hydrophilic sugar and hydroxyl groups, it is easily soluble in polar solvents such as water, methanol, and ethanol, but difficult to dissolve in low polarity organic solvents such as petroleum ether and chloroform. Its aqueous solution is easy to produce persistent foam after shaking, which is the common property of saponins.
- LogP (Fat Water Partition Coefficient)Expected LogP value to be negative or low positive, indicating that it is Hydrophilic compound The passive diffusion ability across membranes is weak.
- optical rotation The molecule contains multiple chiral centers and exhibits optical activity.
- Stability Glycoside bonds may undergo hydrolysis under the action of strong acids, strong bases, or specific enzymes, resulting in the formation of aglycones and sugars. Its stability needs to be evaluated under specific conditions.

3. Plant sources and traditional applications

The only natural source of 3 α - hydroxysiraitin IA1 is monk fruit（Siraitia grosvenorii）Also known as' immortal fruit ', it is a perennial vine plant in the gourd family. Siraitia grosvenorii is native to the mountainous areas of Guangxi, Guangdong, Hunan and other places in China, with a medicinal history of more than 300 years.

In Traditional Chinese Medicine Theory Medium, siraitia grosvenorii is cool in nature, sweet in taste, and belongs to the lung and large intestine meridians. Its core function is Clearing heat and moistening lungs, promoting throat and opening sounds, smoothing intestines and promoting bowel movements Commonly used for treatment:
- Lung heat, dryness, cough For symptoms such as cough, low phlegm and stickiness, dry throat and pain caused by lung heat or autumn dryness.
- Pharyngeal pain and loss of voice Acute or chronic pharyngitis, hoarseness caused by excessive use of the voice by teachers, singers, etc.
- Intestinal dryness and constipation Due to its moisturizing effect, it can be used to relieve dry stools.

The traditional usage is to soak the dried fruit in water for drinking or boil it in soup and take it orally. Local ethnic minorities such as Zhuang and Yao in Guangxi regard it as a good medicinal and edible product, which is used for daily clearing heat and relieving summer heat, as well as for treating related diseases.

Modern phytochemical studies have confirmed that the medicinal and sweet effects of Siraitia grosvenorii are mainly attributed to the rich Siraitin These sweet glycosides can reach a content of over 1% in fresh fruits, and after extraction and purification, different components of sweet glycoside mixtures or single compounds can be obtained. As one of the specific and possibly low content glycosides, 3 α - hydroxysiraitin IA1 is the embodiment of its phytochemical diversity. The "heat clearing" and "lung moistening" effects observed in traditional applications are likely due to the effects of these sweet glycosides and their metabolites Anti inflammatory, antioxidant, and immune regulating The close relationship between modern pharmacological effects provides a material basis for interpreting traditional wisdom from a modern scientific perspective.

4. Pharmacological activity and mechanism of action (based on peer inference and potential target analysis)

Although there is a lack of direct target and disease related data of 3 α - hydroxysiraitin IA1, we can infer its potential biological activity direction and mechanism from the extensive pharmacological studies reported on its parent nuclear compound, siraitin family. It should be emphasized that,Structure determines activity， The α - hydroxylation at position C-3 may endow it with unique or enhanced pharmacological properties.

Potential pharmacological activity directions

1. Anti inflammatory and immune regulatory activity This is one of the most in-depth research fields of mogroside. Studies have shown that siraitin V can significantly inhibit the production of nitric oxide (NO), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and proinflammatory cytokines (such as TNF - α, IL-1 β, IL-6) in macrophages induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Its function and inhibition Nuclear factor kappa B (NF - κ B) and Mitogen activated protein kinases (MAPKs) The activation of signaling pathways is closely related. The introduction of 3 α - hydroxy groups may enhance their ability to bind with related kinases or transcription factors, thus potentially possessing stronger anti-inflammatory potential. This provides a molecular level explanation for its traditional use in "clearing heat and throat" (corresponding to modern medicine's pharyngitis and tonsillitis).
2. Antioxidant and anti-aging activity: Siraitia grosvenorii glycosides can effectively eliminate free radicals such as DPPH and ABTS, and up regulate the antioxidant defense system in cells, such as Nuclear factor E2 related factor 2 (Nrf2) Pathway promotes the expression of phase II detoxifying enzymes such as heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) and quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1). Oxidative stress is the common pathological basis of aging and a variety of chronic diseases (such as neurodegenerative diseases, diabetes complications). The 3 α - hydroxyl group itself is a potential antioxidant group, which may make the compound perform better in directly scavenging free radicals.
3. Regulatory role of metabolic diseases：
   • anti-diabetic: Momordica grosvenorii extracts and glycosides have been reported to improve insulin resistance and reduce blood sugar. Its mechanism may involve activation Adenosine activated protein kinase (AMPK)Promote glucose uptake; Protect pancreatic beta cells; And inhibit intestinal alpha glucosidase, delay carbohydrate absorption.
   • Anti obesity and lipid-lowering Research has shown that it can inhibit preadipocyte differentiation, reduce fat accumulation, and regulate the expression of lipid metabolism related genes.
4. Pulmonary protective effect Highly related to the traditional application of "moistening the lungs". In smoke induced or elastase induced chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) animal models, Arhat fruit glycoside has shown the role of reducing lung inflammation, oxidative damage and emphysema. Its mechanism overlaps with the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant pathways mentioned above.
5. anticancer activity: Some studies have shown that mogroside can inhibit the proliferation and promote apoptosis of some cancer cell lines (such as liver cancer, breast cancer and colon cancer cells). The mechanism may involve inducing cell cycle arrest, regulating apoptosis related proteins (Bcl-2/Bax, Caspases) and inhibiting tumor related signal pathways.

Scientific explanation of the mechanism of action

For saponin compounds such as 3 α - hydroxysiraitin IA1, the action mechanism usually has Multi target, multi pathway Characteristics:
- Interaction with membrane receptors Saponins can bind to cholesterol on the cell membrane, affecting membrane fluidity and indirectly regulating the function of membrane receptors (such as certain G protein coupled receptors).
- Regulating key signal transduction nodes As mentioned earlier, NF - κ B, MAPK (p38, JNK, ERK), AMPK, Nrf2, etc. are the core regulatory hubs of cellular stress, inflammation, and metabolism. Compounds may affect the activity of these kinases or transcription factors directly or indirectly.
- Epigenetic regulation Emerging research suggests that some natural products can exert their effects by affecting histone modifications or DNA methylation, which is also a direction worth exploring in the future.
- Regulation of gut microbiota As a macromolecular glycoside, it may be difficult for it to be absorbed by the upper digestive tract, but it can be metabolized into aglycones (such as siraitol) and secondary products by intestinal flora in the colon. These metabolites may become truly active substances and exert systemic health effects by regulating the composition of gut microbiota. This is a key perspective for understanding its "moistening the intestines and promoting bowel movements" and potential metabolic benefits.

Conclusion: 3 α - hydroxy siraitin IA1 is likely to inherit and strengthen the core pharmacological activities of siraitin family, such as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, metabolic regulation, etc. Its specific advantageous activity spectrum and precise molecular targets are yet to be determined Cell models, molecular docking, proteomics Conduct empirical research on modern technology.

5. Evaluation of drug properties

Drug efficacy assessment aims to predict the likelihood of a compound developing into an oral medication. In combination with the general properties of saponins and Lipinski's five rules and other standards, we conducted a preliminary analysis of 3 α - hydroxysiraitin IA1.

Analysis based on Lipinski's Five Rules (commonly used to evaluate the drug likeness of small molecule oral medications)

1. Molecular weight (MW)<500 Da As a triterpenoid saponin, its molecular weight is almost certainly over 500 Da (expected to be between 800-1000 Da or even higher).not conform to。
2. Lipid water partition coefficient LogP<5 Expected to have a low LogP (hydrophilic), this may Comply with。
3. The number of hydrogen bond donors (HBDs) is less than 5 Sugar and hydroxyl groups provide a large amount of HBD, possibly exceeding 5.not conform to。
4. The number of hydrogen bond acceptors (HBAs) is less than 10 There are numerous oxygen atoms on the sugar group, and the HBA number can easily exceed 10.not conform to。

Obviously, 3 α - hydroxy siraitin IA1 seriously violates many of Lipinski's five rules (usually no more than one violation is allowed). This indicates that it Not a typical "drug like" small molecule Its oral absorption characteristics will face significant challenges.

Analysis of other key pharmacological parameters

• Topological Polarity Surface Area (TPSA)Due to the presence of multiple sugar units and hydroxyl groups, its TPSA will be very large (expected to be>200 Å ²). High TPSA is Poor intestinal permeability and Very low blood-brain barrier (BBB) penetration Strong instructions. Therefore, it is unlikely to become a candidate for central nervous system drugs.
• Oral bioavailability (F): Expected very low The reasons include: ① high molecular weight and polarity, making passive transmembrane diffusion difficult; ② May be partially degraded by gastric acid or intestinal digestive enzymes; ③ The efflux pump of intestinal epithelial cells (such as P-glycoprotein) may pump it into the ileal lumen; ④ Although saponins can sometimes increase membrane permeability due to their surface activity, their overall absorption rate is still limited.
• Distribution and Metabolism If absorbed, its pharmacokinetic behavior may be complex. Possible experience in the liver Phase II Metabolism(such as glucuronidation and sulfation), further increasing polarity and accelerating excretion through bile or urine. The half-life may be short.
• toxicity Currently, there is no specific toxicity data for this compound. In general, high-purity mogroside is considered safe (GRAS status) at the dosage approved by regulations. However, saponins may have hemolytic effects (damaging red blood cell membranes) at high concentrations, which is a safety indicator that needs to be closely monitored in drug development.

Comprehensive evaluation and strategy of potential for traditional Chinese medicine

From the perspective of traditional small molecule oral drug development, 3 α - hydroxysiraitin IA1 is a drug Facing significant challenges However, this does not mean that it has no development value. Modern drug development strategies provide multiple approaches:
1. As a prodrug or locally effective drug in the intestine Its prototype may exert local effects in the intestine (such as regulating gut microbiota, anti intestinal inflammation, and inhibiting sugar absorption), or after metabolism by gut microbiota, its metabolites (aglycones) are absorbed and exert systemic effects. This is precisely in line with its traditional application scenarios (moisturizing the intestines, promoting bowel movements, and potentially affecting metabolism).
2. Developed as a non oral dosage form Consider developing as injection(Potential risk of hemolysis needs to be addressed)inhalant(For lung diseases, highly compatible with traditional "moistening the lungs") or External dosage form(Used for skin inflammation).
3. structural optimization Using it as a lead compound, conduct Simplification or modification of structure For example, preparing glycoside derivatives or synthesizing sugar based simplified analogues to improve their pharmacokinetic properties.
4. As a functional food or dietary supplement ingredient: This is the main application form of mogroside at present. 3 α - hydroxysiraitin IA1 can be used as a high-end, characteristic functional ingredient to develop products with specific health claims (such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory support).

6. Research Status and Application Prospects

Research status

At present, public scientific research on 3 α - hydroxysiraitin IA1 is almost initial stage The existing information only clarifies its plant origin and preliminary chemical naming. Compared with mogroside V, saimonide I and other widely studied glycosides, it is a "rare member" of the mogroside family that has not been fully explored. Its accurate structure analysis (through nuclear magnetic resonance, mass spectrometry and other technologies), absolute content determination, and distribution in different parts of Siraitia grosvenorii (fruits, leaves, vines) are basic research gaps that need to be filled urgently. Its unique 3 α - hydroxy structure makes it of interest to natural product chemists and medicinal chemists Featured Structure Template。

Application prospects and future directions

1. Deepening basic research：

   • Systematic activity screening: To comprehensively evaluate its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti diabetes, lung protection and other activities in cell and animal models, and to conduct a test with common glycosides such as siraitin V Comparison of Structure Activity Relationships Clarify the biological effects of its hydroxylation modification.
   • Mechanism of action and target discovery Using chemical biology methods such as affinity chromatography probes and proteomics to identify the protein targets it directly targets and elucidate its specific signaling pathways.
   • Pharmacokinetic study Clarify its absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion processes in the body, especially its fate in the intestine (microbial metabolism) and the activity of its metabolites.

2. Application development direction：

   • High end natural sweetener components: As a characteristic trace component in siraitia grosvenorii extract, it may contribute unique flavor profile or taste improvement characteristics, and enhance the added value of high-end natural sweetener products.
   • Featured functional raw materials Develop specific functional foods or dietary supplements targeting chronic inflammation, metabolic health, or intestinal health based on their potential enhanced biological activity.
   • Lead compounds for new drugs Although it is difficult to directly develop into a drug, its unique structure can serve as a starting point for rational drug chemical modifications aimed at maintaining or enhancing activity while improving its pharmacokinetic properties, and developing innovative drugs for specific indications such as local intestinal diseases and pulmonary inhalation therapy.

Summary: 3 α - hydroxysiraitin IA1 is an interesting chemical entity that connects the traditional medical wisdom of Siraitia grosvenorii with modern life science. It not only represents an example of the chemical diversity of natural products, but also provides a specific research object for us to explore how structural modifications affect the biological activity of cucurbitacin triterpenes. Future research needs to move from basic chemistry to systems biology evaluation, and actively explore innovative application forms that conform to its physical and chemical properties. With the deepening exploration of natural product "dark matter", these rare glycosides are expected to move from behind the scenes to the forefront and play their unique value in the health industry.