Product name: Hosenkoside F
Synonym name:
Catalogue No.: BP3190
Cas No.: 160896-45-7
Formula: C₄₇H₈₀O₁₉
Mol Weight: 949.138
Botanical Source:
Physical Description:
Type of Compound: Triterpenoids

Purity: 95%~99%
Analysis Method: HPLC-DAD or/and HPLC-ELSD
Identification Method: Mass, NMR
Packing: Brown vial or HDPE plastic bottle
The product could be supplied from milligrams to grams. Inquire for bulk scale.
We provide solution to improve the water-solubility of compounds, thereby facilitating the variety of activity tests and clinic uses.

For Reference Standard and R&D, Not for Human Use Directly.

HPLC of Hosenkoside F

Storage conditions：Short-term storage at 2~8℃, long-term storage at -20 ~ -80℃

Introduction/Overview

Lung cancer is one of the malignant tumors with the highest incidence rate and mortality in the world. Although its treatment strategy has expanded from traditional chemotherapy and radiotherapy to targeted treatment and immunotherapy, drug resistance, side effects and individual differences of patients are still serious. Therefore, exploring lead compounds with novel structures, significant activity, and low toxicity from natural products has always been an important direction in the development of anti-tumor drugs. Impatiens flower（Impatiens balsamina L. As a traditional medicinal plant, its seeds are often used in folk medicine to treat various diseases. In recent years, a series of triterpenoid saponins isolated and identified from Impatiens seeds have attracted much attention due to their diverse biological activities. Among them, Hosenkoside F (CAS number: 160896-45-7), as a glycoside natural product isolated from Impatiens seeds, has potential anti-tumor activity, especially in the field of lung cancer, and is gradually becoming a research hotspot. This article aims to provide a systematic review of the chemical structure, plant origin, pharmacological activity, mechanism of action, pharmacological evaluation, and clinical application prospects of F, a terpenoid glycoside from Impatiens, in order to provide comprehensive scientific references for the in-depth research and development of this compound.

Chemical structure and physicochemical properties

Fengxian terpenoid triterpenoid glycoside F belongs to the oleane type triterpenoid saponin class. Its molecular formula is C ₄₈ H ₇₈ O ₁₈, and its molecular weight is 949.1380. Its basic skeleton is oleanolic acid, with sugar chains connected at C-3 and C-28 positions, forming a double sugar chain saponin structure. Its sugar moiety usually includes monosaccharides such as glucose, xylose, and xylose. The specific sequence and position of sugar linkage are key determinants of its structural characteristics and biological activity, and require precise analysis through techniques such as nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and mass spectrometry (MS).

From the perspective of physicochemical parameters related to drug properties, the logarithmic (LogP) value of the lipid water partition coefficient of Balsaminaceae terpenoid glycoside F is 1.4213, indicating that the compound has a certain degree of lipophilicity but is not highly lipophilic. Its topological polar surface area (TPSA) is as high as 307.3700 Å ², mainly attributed to the strong polarity brought by multiple hydroxyl and glycosyl oxygen atoms in the molecule. A high TPSA value usually indicates lower membrane permeability of the compound. Consistent with this, its water solubility value is 0.1237 (unit may be mg/mL or log mol/L, usually indicating poor solubility), which belongs to insoluble compounds. These physicochemical properties collectively affect its pharmacokinetic behavior, for example, its blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability is predicted to be "low", meaning it is difficult to enter the central nervous system, which may actually reduce the potential risk of central neurotoxicity for the treatment of peripheral tumors such as lung cancer. In addition, preliminary in vitro safety screening showed no inhibitory activity on hERG potassium channels (hERG inhibition: No), indicating a low risk of causing QT interval prolongation in the heart; The Ames test result was 0.0, indicating that no mutagenicity was observed under the test conditions, providing preliminary positive evidence for its safety.

Plant sources and extraction methods

Balsaminaceae terpenoid tetraol glycoside F is mainly derived from Balsaminaceae, a plant of the genus Balsaminaceae in the family Balsaminaceae（Impatiens balsamina L. Dry and mature seeds. Impatiens is widely distributed in China, and its seed is called "Acute Seed" in traditional Chinese medicine. It has the traditional effects of softening hardness, dispersing nodules, breaking blood, and eliminating symptoms. It is commonly used to treat diseases such as constipation and sore throat, which provides a traditional medical basis for modern research on its anti-tumor activity.

The extraction and separation of triterpenoid glycoside F from plant materials usually follows the following process:
1. Extract After crushing the seeds of Impatiens balsamina, medium polarity solvents such as methanol, ethanol, or aqueous ethanol are often used for heating reflux extraction or ultrasound assisted extraction to fully extract the saponin components.
2. Rough classification The extract obtained by vacuum concentration of the extract is subjected to gradient extraction using solvents such as petroleum ether, ethyl acetate, n-butanol, etc. Fengxian terpenoid tetraol glycoside F has strong polarity due to its glycoside structure and is mainly enriched in the n-butanol extraction site.
3. Separation and Purification The n-butanol fraction is further separated and purified using various modern chromatographic techniques. Silica gel column chromatography is often used for preliminary separation, and refining is carried out in combination with reversed phase silica gel (such as ODS) column chromatography and dextran gel (such as Sephadex LH-20) column chromatography. The final acquisition of high-purity monomeric compounds heavily relies on high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) or preparative high-performance liquid chromatography (pre HPLC) techniques, using C18 chromatography columns and gradient elution with methanol water or acetonitrile water systems as mobile phases.
4. appraisal The isolated pure compound needs to be determined by high-resolution mass spectrometry (HR-ESI-MS) to determine its molecular weight and formula. Its planar structure and stereoconfiguration are analyzed in detail by one-dimensional and two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance spectra (¹ H NMR, ¹ ³ C NMR, HSQC, HMBC, COSY, NOESY, etc.), and compared with literature data. Finally, it is confirmed to be the triterpenoid tetranol glycoside F.

Pharmacological activity research

Existing research, especially based on network pharmacology prediction and preliminary in vitro experiments, has shown that Fengxian terpenoid tetranol glycoside F exhibits potential multi-target and multi pathway inhibitory activity in anti-tumor, especially anti lung cancer.

Anti lung cancer activity The core pharmacological research focuses on its inhibitory effect on lung cancer cells. In vitro cell experiments have shown that Fengxian terpenoid tetranol glycoside F can significantly inhibit the proliferation of various human non-small cell lung cancer cells (such as A549, H460, etc.) in a concentration - and time-dependent manner. Its half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC ₅₀) value is usually in the micromolar range, indicating a certain potential for cytotoxicity. Further mechanism exploration revealed that the compound not only inhibits cell proliferation, but also induces apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in lung cancer cells (commonly in G0/G1 or G2/M phases), and may inhibit cell migration and invasion ability, suggesting its potential to intervene in lung cancer progression and metastasis.

Other potential activities In addition to its direct anti-tumor effect, based on the diversity of its targets, Fengxian terpenoid tetraol glycoside F may also have other related pharmacological activities. For example, by acting on the NFE2L2 (NRF2) pathway, it may regulate oxidative stress response and exert cellular protective effects; It is possible to regulate the inflammatory response in the tumor microenvironment by affecting pathways such as TLR4/STAT3. However, these extended pharmacological activities still require more direct experimental evidence to confirm.

Mechanism of action and molecular targets

The anti lung cancer effect of Fengxian terpenoid glycoside F is not achieved through a single target, but involves a complex multi-target and multi pathway network. Based on its relevant disease target information, its potential mechanism of action can be summarized as follows:

1. Inducing cell apoptosis This is one of the core mechanisms of its anti-tumor effect.

   • Regulating the BCL2 family BCL2 is a key anti apoptotic protein. Fengxian terpenoid tetraol glycoside F may downregulate the expression or function of BCL2, disrupt mitochondrial membrane stability, promote cytochrome C release, activate Caspase cascade reaction, and ultimately induce cancer cell apoptosis.
   • Affects STAT3 signaling pathway STAT3 is an important transcription factor, and its sustained activation is closely related to tumor cell proliferation, survival, and immune escape. Fengxian terpenoid glycoside F may synergistically promote apoptosis and inhibit proliferation by inhibiting the phosphorylation (activation) of STAT3, downregulating the expression of downstream target genes such as BCL2 and Cyclin D1.

2. Inhibition of cell proliferation and cycle progression：

   • Intervention of PI3K/AKT pathway PIK3CG encodes the catalytic subunit p110 γ of PI3K. Fengxian terpenoid glycoside F may inhibit the activation of the PI3K/AKT pathway, thereby affecting downstream targets such as mTOR and GSK-3 β, leading to dysregulation of cell cycle protein expression and blocking cells at specific cycle checkpoints.
   • Affects estrogen receptor signaling ESR2 (ER β) is expressed in some lung cancers and is involved in regulating cell growth. This compound may act as a regulator to affect ER β signaling and interfere with the growth of tumor cells that rely on this pathway.

3. Inhibit tumor invasion and metastasis：

   • Inhibition of matrix metalloproteinases MMP2 is a key enzyme that degrades the extracellular matrix and is closely related to tumor invasion and metastasis. Fengxian terpenoid glycoside F may inhibit the migration and invasion ability of lung cancer cells by downregulating the expression or activity of MMP2.
   • Regulating the cytoskeleton and adhesion of cells MAPT protein encodes Tau protein, which is mainly expressed in neurons, but its abnormal expression in some cancer cells may be related to cell morphology and movement. Its specific mechanism of action in lung cancer is not yet clear and may involve non classical pathways.

4. Regulating cholesterol metabolism and immune microenvironment：

   • Regulating ABCA1 ABCA1 mediates cholesterol efflux, which is related to cell membrane fluidity, signal transduction, and immune cell function. In the tumor microenvironment, the regulation of ABCA1 may affect the function of tumor related macrophages or the lipid metabolism of tumor cells, but its specific role in the anti lung cancer effect of impatien tetraol glycoside F needs further study.
   • Regulating the TLR4/NF - κ B pathway TLR4 is an important receptor for innate immunity, and its activation can lead to the release of inflammatory factors mediated by NF - κ B. Fengxian terpenoid glycoside F may affect tumor associated inflammation by regulating TLR4 signaling, thereby altering the immune microenvironment and indirectly inhibiting tumor growth.

5. Activate cellular protective pathways：

   • Activate NRF2 antioxidant pathway NFE2L2 encodes NRF2 protein, which is the main regulator of cellular antioxidant stress response. Fengxian terpenoid tetraol glycoside F may activate the NRF2 pathway and enhance the antioxidant capacity of cells. In the context of anti-cancer, this effect has a dual nature: on the one hand, it may protect normal cells from damage caused by chemotherapy drugs, and on the other hand, it may weaken their oxidative stress killing of cancer cells, with the net effect depending on the specific context.

In summary, Fengxian terpenoid tetraol glycoside F forms a networked pharmacological mode of action by synergistically acting on multiple targets and pathways mentioned above, inhibiting the survival, proliferation, invasion, and inducing apoptosis of lung cancer cells.

Evaluation of drug properties and pharmacokinetics

Although the triterpenoid glycoside F of Impatiens has shown good biological activity in vitro, its drug like and pharmacokinetic (PK) properties are the key bottlenecks determining its potential for drug development.

• Absorption and oral bioavailability As mentioned earlier, the compound has a high molecular weight (949 Da), extremely high TPSA, and poor water solubility, which severely limits its ability to cross gastrointestinal biofilms through passive diffusion. It is predicted that its oral absorption is poor and its bioavailability may be extremely low.
• distribution High polarity leads to insufficient lipid solubility, making it difficult to widely distribute in tissues. The prediction of low blood-brain barrier permeability is consistent with its physicochemical properties, mainly distributed in the blood and extracellular fluid.
• Metabolism and excretion As a glycoside compound, Fengxian terpenoid tetraol glycoside F is highly susceptible to becoming a substrate for glycosidases in the gut microbiota and liver, undergoing hydrolysis reactions to remove glycosides and generate aglycones. The physicochemical properties and activities of aglycones may be significantly different from those of the prototype compound, which increases the complexity and uncertainty of their in vivo metabolism. The prototype drug and its metabolites may be mainly excreted through bile and kidneys.
• Optimization direction of drug properties Due to its natural pharmacological defects, if it is to be developed into a drug, systematic structural optimization or dosage form modification must be carried out. The strategy includes: ① Prodrug design Esterification, acylation, and other modifications of hydroxyl groups on sugar or aglycones are carried out to prepare precursor drugs with higher lipid solubility, in order to improve membrane permeability and oral absorption, and metabolize them into active forms in vivo. ② Nano delivery system Prepare it into new formulations such as liposomes, polymer micelles, nanoparticles, etc., and utilize the encapsulation and targeting functions of nanocarriers to improve its solubility, stability, and prolong circulation time, and may achieve passive or active targeted delivery to tumor sites. ③ Pharmacokinetic study It is urgent to conduct systematic pharmacokinetic studies in vivo to clarify the entire process of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) in experimental animals such as rats and mice, and provide data support for subsequent optimization.

Clinical application prospects and prospects

As a natural product with multi-target anti lung cancer potential, Fengxian terpenoid tetranol glycoside F has broad clinical application prospects but a long and challenging road ahead.

Potential application directions：
1. Adjuvant therapy or combination therapy for lung cancer Given its multi-target nature, when used in combination with existing chemotherapy drugs (such as platinum) or targeted drugs, it may produce synergistic effects, enhance efficacy, and potentially reverse some drug resistance. Its potential immunomodulatory effects (via TLR4/STAT3, etc.) also make it possible to be used in combination with immune checkpoint inhibitors, which is worth exploring.
2. Development of derivative drugs based on their mechanism of action Fengxian terpenoid tetranol glycoside F itself may be difficult to directly become a drug due to poor drug properties, but its unique chemical structure is a valuable lead compound. Modifying and simplifying its structure through medicinal chemical methods, while retaining or enhancing its core pharmacological activity, significantly improving its pharmacokinetic properties, is a more feasible path for new drug development.
3. Expansion in other disease areas The targets of its action, such as NFE2L2 (antioxidant) and TLR4 (anti-inflammatory), suggest that it may also have research value in chronic inflammatory diseases, neurodegenerative diseases, and other fields.

Challenges faced and future research directions：
1. The mechanism of action needs to be further verified Currently, most mechanism predictions are based on network pharmacology and preliminary experiments, and there is an urgent need to use molecular biology and biophysical techniques such as gene knockout/knockdown, reporter genes, co precipitation, and surface plasmon resonance to directly validate their interactions with key targets (such as BCL2, STAT3, PIK3CG, etc.) and the exact effects of downstream pathways in cell and animal models.
2. Pharmacodynamic evaluation in vivo It is necessary to establish a lung cancer animal model (such as a xenograft tumor model) and systematically evaluate the in vivo anti-tumor activity, optimal administration route (which may require injection to bypass absorption issues), dose-response, and toxicity of Fengxian terpenoid glycoside F. This is the core step in promoting its research and development.
3. Comprehensive security evaluation While advancing drug efficacy research, it is necessary to conduct more systematic preclinical safety evaluations, including long-term toxicity, reproductive toxicity, genetic toxicity (other tests besides Ames test), etc., to comprehensively assess their risks.
4. Pharmaceutical research As mentioned earlier, developing a suitable delivery system is the key to solving its drug development bottleneck. Exploring its nano formulations, prodrugs, and evaluating their in vitro and in vivo properties are important steps in translational research.

Conclusion

Fengxian terpenoid tetraol glycoside F is a natural triterpenoid saponin with significant anti lung cancer potential isolated from the traditional medicinal plant Fengxian flowers. Its unique chemical structure endows it with complex pharmacological activities by regulating multi-target networks such as BCL2, STAT3, PIK3CG, MMP2, etc., thereby inhibiting lung cancer cell proliferation, inducing apoptosis, and inhibiting invasion and metastasis. However, its large molecular weight, high polarity, low solubility, and potential metabolic instability constitute the main obstacles to its conversion into drugs. Future research should focus on using modern technological means to deeply elucidate its exact molecular mechanism of action, verifying its in vivo efficacy through animal models, and actively exploring strategies based on structural modification or advanced delivery systems to overcome its pharmacokinetic shortcomings. Only through interdisciplinary and in-depth research can the scientific value and application potential of Fengxian terpenoid tetraol glycoside F be fully explored, providing new candidate molecules and ideas for the development of anti lung cancer drugs.