Synonym name:
Catalogue No.: BP1490
Cas No.: 110064-71-6
Formula: C22H33NO3
Mol Weight: 359.51
Botanical Source: Roots of Aconitum flavum and aerial parts of Aconitum karakolicum (Ranunculaceae)
Purity: 95%~99%
Analysis Method: HPLC-DAD or/and HPLC-ELSD
Identification Method: Mass, NMR
Packing: Brown vial or HDPE plastic bottle
Can be supplied from milligrams to grams. Inquire for bulk scale.
For Reference Standard and R&D, Not for Human Use Directly.
Storage conditions：Short-term storage at 2~8℃, long-term storage at -20 ~ -80℃
12 epinapelline is a diterpenoid alkaloid isolated from the Aconitum baikalense plant in the Aconitum genus, belonging to a natural product family with significant pharmacological activity. Aconitum plants have always been an important subject of natural medicine research due to their complex alkaloid composition and diverse biological activities. 12 Epiaconitine, as one of the representative compounds, has received widespread attention in recent years due to its significant anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities. Its unique molecular structure endows it with multi-target properties, especially its potential regulatory effects on pain related receptors such as TRPV1, CNR1, OPRD1, providing new ideas for the development of novel analgesic drugs.
This article provides a systematic review of the chemical structure and physicochemical properties, plant sources and extraction methods, pharmacological activity and mechanism of action, pharmacological evaluation and pharmacokinetic characteristics of 12 aconitine. Combining current research progress, it explores its clinical application prospects and future development directions, aiming to provide comprehensive and in-depth reference materials for researchers in the field of natural product pharmacology.
The molecular formula of 12 aconitine is C20H29NO4, with a molecular weight of 359.5100, and it belongs to the typical class of diterpenoid alkaloids. Its structure is based on the aconitine skeleton and has a complex tricyclic diterpene structure, containing multiple chiral centers. There is a difference in the stereoisomerism of 12 aconitine and its isomer aconitine at position 12, which significantly affects its biological activity.
In terms of physicochemical properties, the LogP value of 12 epiaconitine is 1.9557, indicating its moderate lipid solubility, which is beneficial for cell membrane penetration and bioavailability. The polar surface area (TPSA) is 63.93 Å ², indicating that its molecular polarity is moderate and conducive to binding with biomolecules. The water solubility is 0.4294 mg/mL, which belongs to low solubility compounds, but still has a certain ability to dissolve in aqueous phase. The high permeability of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) suggests its potential role in the central nervous system. The negative result of hERG channel inhibition experiment indicates a low risk of cardiac toxicity. The Ames mutagenicity test result is 0.0, indicating a low risk of genetic toxicity.
In summary, the physicochemical properties of 12 epiaconitine support its potential as a central acting drug, particularly suitable for developing therapeutic drugs for neurological disorders.
12. Epiaconitine mainly comes from Aconitum baikalense, a plant of the Aconitum genus, which is distributed in Northeast China and the Far East of Russia and has always been used as a traditional Chinese medicinal herb. A. Baikalense contains abundant diterpenoid alkaloids with significant pharmacological activity.
The common methods for extracting 12 aconitine include:
In recent years, ultrasound assisted extraction and microwave-assisted extraction technologies have also been applied to improve extraction efficiency and yield, shorten extraction time, reduce solvent usage, and conform to the concept of green chemistry.
The pharmacological activity research of 12 aconitine mainly focuses on its anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects. Multiple in vitro and in vivo experiments have shown that this compound can significantly inhibit inflammatory responses and promote the growth of fibroblast precursor clones, indicating its potential value in tissue repair and inflammation regulation.
12. Epiaconitine exhibits good anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting the release of inflammatory mediators and regulating immune cell function. In vitro cell models, this compound can reduce the expression levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF - α, IL-1 β, and IL-6, and alleviate inflammatory responses. Animal inflammation model experiments also confirmed its ability to reduce tissue edema and inflammatory cell infiltration.
Fibroblasts play a crucial role in tissue repair and regeneration. 12. Epiaconitine can stimulate the clonal formation of fibroblast precursors, promote cell proliferation and migration, and provide favorable conditions for wound healing. This mechanism of action lays the foundation for its application in wound repair and tissue engineering fields.
Analgesia is one of the most clinically promising pharmacological activities of 12 epiaconitine. This compound exhibits significant analgesic effects by modulating pain transmission pathways through multiple targets. Animal models have shown that 12 epiaconitine can effectively alleviate inflammatory and neuropathic pain, and its analgesic effect lasts longer with fewer side effects.
The mechanism of action of aconitine involves multiple molecular targets, mainly focusing on receptors and enzymes related to pain regulation and inflammatory response.
TRPV1 is a key ion channel in pain transmission, involved in the perception of inflammatory and neuropathic pain. 12. Epiaconitine can regulate the activity of TRPV1 channel, reduce its sensitivity to thermal and chemical stimuli, and alleviate the transmission of pain signals.
CNR1 is mainly distributed in the central nervous system, regulating pain, emotions, and movement. The excitatory effect of 12 aconitine on CNR1 may enhance endogenous analgesic mechanisms and exert central analgesic effects.
The opioid receptor family is a classic analgesic target. The interaction between 12 aconitine and these receptors can activate the opioid system, inhibit pain signaling, and may have a lower addiction risk compared to traditional opioid drugs.
PTGS1 and PTGS2 are involved in the synthesis of prostaglandins and are key enzymes in the inflammatory response. 12. Epiaconitine exerts anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects by inhibiting the activity of these two enzymes, reducing the production of inflammatory mediators.
TRPA1 plays an important role in inflammation and neuropathic pain. 12. Epiaconitine's regulation of TRPA1 helps alleviate pain and inflammatory response.
SLC6A4 regulates the reuptake of neurotransmitter serotonin, affecting mood and pain perception. 12. Epiaconitine may indirectly participate in pain regulation and emotional stability by regulating SLC6A4 function.
DRD2 is involved in pain regulation and emotion control in the central nervous system. 12. Epiaconitine may enhance the analgesic effect of DRD2 and improve pain related emotional disorders.
In summary, 12 epiaconitine exhibits complex and effective pharmacological mechanisms by synergistically regulating pain and inflammatory responses through multiple targets and pathways.
The pharmacological evaluation of 12 aconitine shows that it has good potential for drug development.
The moderate molecular weight (359.51 Da) and LogP value (1.9557) comply with Lipinski's rule, indicating good oral bioavailability. The TPSA value (63.93 Å ²) is moderate, which is beneficial for cell membrane penetration and target binding.
The hERG channel inhibition experiment results were negative, reducing the risk of cardiac toxicity. The Ames mutagenicity test is negative, indicating a low risk of genetic toxicity and good safety.
12. Epiaconitine has high blood-brain barrier permeability and can effectively enter the central nervous system, making it suitable for treating neuropathic pain and central inflammation related diseases. Its low water solubility may affect oral absorption and in vivo distribution, but its bioavailability can be optimized through pharmaceutical techniques such as nanocarriers and solid dispersions.
At present, research on its metabolic pathways and half-life in vivo is relatively limited, and there is an urgent need for systematic pharmacokinetic studies to guide clinical dose design and dosing regimen optimization.
12. Epiaconitine has broad clinical application prospects due to its significant anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities. Especially in the treatment of chronic pain, neuropathic pain, and inflammatory diseases, 12 epiaconitine is expected to become a new generation of safe and efficient analgesic and anti-inflammatory drugs.
Future research directions include:
In addition, given its ability to promote the growth of fibroblast precursors, 12 epiaconitine also has potential applications in tissue repair, wound healing, and regenerative medicine.
12 Epiaconitine, as a diterpenoid alkaloid derived from Aconitum baikalense, has shown significant potential in anti-inflammatory and analgesic fields due to its unique chemical structure and multi-target pharmacological activity. Its good pharmacokinetic parameters and safety evaluation have laid a solid foundation for the development of new drugs. In the future, with the in-depth analysis of pharmacological mechanisms and the improvement of pharmacokinetic research, 12 epiaconitine is expected to become an important representative of natural product drug development, providing new treatment strategies for pain management and inflammation treatment.
Through interdisciplinary collaboration and the combination of modern medicinal chemistry, molecular biology, and clinical medicine techniques, the research and development of 12 epiaconitine will usher in new breakthroughs, promoting the sustainable development of the field of natural product pharmacology.
