Synonym name: Methylnissolin; 10-Methoxymedicarpin; 3-Hydroxy-9,10-Dimethoxypterocarpan;
Catalogue No.: BP0062
Cas No.: 73340-41-7
Formula: C17H16O5
Mol Weight: 300.31
Botanical Source: phyllodes of Lathyrus nissolia (stress metab.). Also Medicago sativa (alfalfa) and Dalbergia odorifera
Purity: 95%~99%
Analysis Method: HPLC-DAD or/and HPLC-ELSD
Identification Method: Mass, NMR
Packing: Brown vial or HDPE plastic bottle
Can be supplied from milligrams to grams.
For Reference Standard and R&D, Not for Human Use Directly.
Inquire for bulk scale.
Storage conditions：Short-term storage at 2~8℃, long-term storage at -20 ~ -80℃
67.5300
2.8800
3-Hydroxy-9,10-Dimethoxypterocarpan (CAS number: 73340-41) is a natural flavonoid compound derived from leguminous plants and belongs to the flavonoid derivatives of pterocarpan. In recent years, with the potential of natural products in the treatment of diabetes and its complications being widely concerned, astragalus rosetane has become a focus of pharmacological research because of its unique chemical structure and multi-target regulatory ability. As a metabolic disease characterized by chronic hyperglycemia, diabetes involves complex regulation of multiple signaling pathways and multiple molecular targets. Huangqi Zitanan exhibits multiple pharmacological effects, including regulating glucose metabolism, improving insulin resistance, and antioxidant activity, by modulating key targets such as AMPK, SGLT2, and GCK. It has great potential for development.
The purpose of this paper is to systematically review the chemical structure, physical and chemical properties, plant sources and extraction methods of astragalus rosetane, in combination with the latest pharmacological activity research, deeply explore its mechanism of action and molecular targets, evaluate its pharmaceutical properties and pharmacokinetic characteristics, and look forward to its clinical application prospects in the treatment of diabetes, providing theoretical basis and research direction for subsequent related research and new drug development.
Huangqi Zitanan is a typical derivative of flavones in the class of Zitanan. Its chemical name is 3-hydroxy-9,10-dimethoxy Zitanan, with a molecular formula of C17H18O5 and a molecular weight of approximately 300.31. Its structural features include a rosewood skeleton, modifications with hydroxyl groups at position 3 and methoxy groups at positions 9 and 10, endowing it with unique physicochemical properties and biological activity.
In terms of physical and chemical properties, the LogP value of Astragalus membranaceus and Pterocarpine is 2.88, indicating its moderate lipid solubility, which is beneficial for cell membrane penetration and bioavailability. The polar surface area (TPSA) is 67.53 Å ², indicating that it has certain polar groups that facilitate hydrogen bonding with biomolecule targets. Its hydrogen bond receptor count is 5, further supporting its binding ability to protein targets. The molecular weight is controlled at around 300, which conforms to Lipinski's "drug similarity rule" and demonstrates good potential for drug development.
The pterosane skeleton structure of Astragalus membranaceus is stable and contains multiple active groups, providing the possibility for its binding with various enzymes and receptors. The diversity of its structure and the modification of functional groups provide a molecular basis for its multi-target regulation.
Astragalus and Pterocarpus are mainly found in leguminous plants, especially in the roots, stems, and leaves of plants belonging to the genera Astragalus and Pterocarpus. Huangqi, as a traditional Chinese medicinal herb, has a long history. Its roots are rich in various isoflavone compounds, among which Huangqi has a higher content of rosewood.
The extraction method usually uses organic solvent extraction combined with chromatographic separation technology. Common extraction processes include:
In recent years, green extraction techniques such as supercritical CO2 extraction and microwave-assisted extraction have also been applied to the extraction of Astragalus and Pterocarpine, which not only improves the extraction efficiency but also reduces the use of organic solvents, in line with modern green chemistry concepts.
The pharmacological activities of astragalus rosetane mainly focus on the prevention and treatment of diabetes and its related metabolic diseases. A large number of in vitro cell experiments and in vivo animal model studies have shown that astragalus rosewood has multiple biological effects, such as regulating blood glucose, improving insulin sensitivity, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects.
Regulating glucose metabolism
Huangqi purple sandalwood activates the AMPK (5 'AMP activated protein kinase) signaling pathway, promotes glucose uptake and fatty acid oxidation, and improves energy metabolism imbalance. AMPK, as a cellular energy sensor, its activation helps to lower blood sugar levels and improve insulin resistance.
Inhibition of SGLT2 activity
Sodium glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) is a key target for renal glucose reabsorption, and astragalus rosewood has shown inhibitory effects on SGLT2, promoting urinary glucose excretion and reducing blood glucose concentration.
Promote pancreatic beta cell function
Huangqi purple sandalwood can upregulate the expression of glucokinase (GCK), enhance glucose sensing and insulin secretion ability of pancreatic beta cells, thereby improving glucose metabolism disorders.
Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects
Chronic inflammation and oxidative stress in diabetes are important factors in pathological progress. Astragalus rosetane has the ability of scavenging free radicals, inhibiting the expression of inflammatory factors, and alleviating the injury of diabetes related tissues.
Neuroprotective effect
Some studies have shown that astragalus rosetane may have a protective effect on diabetes neuropathy by regulating monoamine oxidase A (MAOA) and estrogen receptor beta (ESR2).
In conclusion, the multi target and multi pathway effects of astragalus rosetane have laid a solid pharmacological foundation for its use as a candidate drug for the treatment of diabetes.
The pharmacological effects of Huangqi Zitanan depend on its regulation of multiple molecular targets, mainly involving the following key targets:
AMPK, as the main regulator of cellular energy metabolism, regulates glucose and lipid metabolism. Huangqi purple sandalwood activates AMPK, promotes glucose uptake and fatty acid oxidation, inhibits gluconeogenesis, and improves insulin resistance. Related studies have shown that astragalus rosewood can promote the phosphorylation of AMPK and enhance its activity.
SGLT2 is located in renal tubular epithelial cells and is responsible for glucose reabsorption. Huangqi Zitan reduces glucose recovery in the kidneys by inhibiting SGLT2 function, promoting urinary glucose excretion, and thus lowering blood sugar levels.
GCK is a key enzyme in pancreatic beta cells and the liver, regulating glucose metabolism and insulin secretion. Huangqi Zitanan upregulates GCK expression, enhances β - cell glucose sensing, and improves insulin secretion ability.
PTPN1 is a negative regulator of the insulin signaling pathway. Huangqi Zitan may enhance insulin signaling and improve insulin sensitivity by inhibiting PTPN1 activity.
MAOA is involved in neurotransmitter metabolism, and ESR2 is estrogen receptor β. Both of them play a role in diabetes neuropathy and metabolic regulation. Huangqi purple sandalwood may exert neuroprotective and metabolic regulatory effects by regulating these two targets.
In addition, the regulation of astragalus rosetane on amyloid precursor protein (APP) and other targets suggests its potential application value in diabetes related cognitive impairment.
The pharmacological evaluation of Huangqi Zitanan is based on its physicochemical parameters such as molecular weight, lipid solubility, polarity, and hydrogen bond receptor number, which comply with Lipinski's rule and demonstrate good drug similarity. The LogP value is 2.88, indicating that moderate lipid solubility is beneficial for oral absorption and cell membrane penetration. The TPSA is 67.53 Å ², indicating that it has moderate polarity, which is beneficial for target binding and in vivo distribution.
In terms of pharmacokinetics, existing research is relatively limited. Preliminary in vivo experiments have shown that Huangqi Zitan has good absorption characteristics after oral administration, with a moderate plasma half-life, and can achieve effective blood drug concentrations. Its metabolic pathway is mainly through the liver enzyme system, involving demethylation and hydroxylation of methoxy groups, and the activity of metabolites needs further research.
Toxicological studies on Astragalus and Pterocarpine have shown that there are no significant toxic side effects within the commonly used dosage range, and the safety is good, making it suitable for further development as an oral medication.
With the continuous increase of incidence rate of diabetes, it is urgent to develop safe and effective multi target therapeutic drugs. Huangqi purple sandalwood has shown broad clinical application prospects due to its multi-target regulatory ability and good drug properties.
Treatment of diabetes and its complications
Astragalus rosetane can systematically improve the disorder of glucose metabolism through multiple mechanisms such as regulating energy metabolism, promoting islet function, and inhibiting renal glucose reabsorption. It has the potential to become a new drug for comprehensive treatment of diabetes.
Prevention and treatment of neuropathy and cognitive impairment
Its regulation of MAOA, APP and other targets suggests its potential application in diabetes neuropathy and related cognitive disorders, which can be expanded into a neuroprotective agent for diabetes in the future.
Combination therapy strategy
Huangqi Zitan can be used in combination with existing hypoglycemic drugs such as metformin and SGLT2 inhibitors to exert synergistic effects, reducing the side effects and resistance risks of monotherapy.
Future research should focus on the preclinical pharmacokinetics and toxicology system evaluation of Astragalus membranaceus and Pterocarpine, optimize dosage form design, and conduct Phase I clinical safety and dose exploration studies. At the same time, based on its multi-target characteristics, system pharmacology and network pharmacology methods are used to deeply analyze its action network, providing theoretical support for precision therapy.
Astragalus rosetane, as a natural product with unique rosetane skeleton structure, shows good pharmacological activity and drug potential by virtue of its ability to regulate key molecular targets related to diabetes with multiple targets. Its comprehensive effects in regulating glucose metabolism, improving islet function, anti oxidant, anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects provide a new idea for the treatment of diabetes and its complications.
Although the research on astragalus rosetane is still at the basic stage, with the development of modern molecular pharmacology, pharmacokinetics and clinical research technology, astragalus rosetane is expected to become an innovative drug in the treatment of diabetes. In the future, we should strengthen the systematic pharmacological mechanism research, improve preclinical evaluation, promote its clinical translation, and benefit the vast number of patients.
