Synonym name: Glycoside L-G3; Tauroside G3; Nigelloside C
Catalogue No.: BP0510
Cas No.: 33289-85-9; 942997-00-4
Formula: C₅₃H₈₆O₂₂
Mol Weight: 1075.25
Botanical Source: Hedera taurica, Hedera canariensis and Dipsacus aureus

Purity: 95%~99%
Analysis Method: HPLC-DAD or/and HPLC-ELSD
Identification Method: Mass, NMR
Packing: Brown vial or HDPE plastic bottle
Can be supplied from milligrams to grams.

For Reference Standard and R&D, Not for Human Use Directly.
Inquire for bulk scale.

HPLC of Dipsacoside B

Storage conditions：Short-term storage at 2~8℃, long-term storage at -20 ~ -80℃

Introduction/Overview

Dipsacoside B is a major active ingredient derived from the traditional Chinese medicine material Dipsacus asper Wall, and belongs to the saponin class of natural products. Chuanxuduan, as a traditional Chinese medicine, has always been widely used in the treatment of orthopedic diseases. It has the effects of promoting blood circulation, removing blood stasis, nourishing liver and kidney, and strengthening muscles and bones. With the development of modern pharmacology and molecular biology techniques, the biological activity and mechanism of action of Chuanxuduan saponin B have gradually been revealed, especially in the field of anti-tumor, showing significant potential. This article aims to provide a systematic review of the chemical structure, physicochemical properties, plant sources, and extraction methods of saponins from Panax notoginseng, with a focus on analyzing its pharmacological activity and mechanism of action, evaluating its pharmacological parameters, exploring its clinical application prospects, and providing theoretical basis and research directions for subsequent drug development and clinical research.

Chemical structure and physicochemical properties

Chuanxuduan saponin B (CAS number: 33289-85-9) is a natural saponin with a relatively large molecular weight of 1075.2490. It has a complex chemical structure and contains a triterpenoid or diterpenoid skeleton connected by multiple glycosidic groups. Its LogP value is 1.9292, indicating that it has moderate hydrophobicity and can penetrate cell membranes to a certain extent in a lipid environment, but its low water solubility (0.2115) limits its solubility in aqueous phase. Its polar surface area (TPSA) is as high as 353.9, reflecting the presence of a large number of polar groups on the molecular surface, such as hydroxyl and glycosidic groups, which are of great significance for its binding with biomolecules. The low blood-brain barrier permeability of Chuanxuduan saponin B suggests its limited distribution in the central nervous system. In terms of safety, it does not inhibit the hERG channel, and the Ames mutagenicity test result is 0, indicating good safety and low mutagenicity risk.

Plant sources and extraction methods

Saponin B in Dipsacus asper Wall is mainly found in the roots of Dipsacus asper Wall, a perennial herbaceous plant in the family Araliaceae, widely distributed in central and southwestern China. Traditionally, Chuanxuduan has been used for the treatment of fracture healing, rheumatoid arthritis, kidney deficiency, and lower back pain. Chuanxuduan saponin B, as one of its main active ingredients, is usually extracted and isolated through the following steps:

1. Raw material processing Collect dried Sichuan continuous roots and grind them into fine powder for later use.
2. Extract Adopting water extraction or alcohol extraction (such as 70% ethanol) methods, utilizing reflux extraction or ultrasound assisted extraction techniques to improve extraction efficiency.
3. Crude extract concentration After filtration, the extract is concentrated under reduced pressure to a certain viscosity.
4. Separation and purification Through multi-stage chromatography techniques such as silica gel column chromatography, reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC), etc., further separation and purification of Chuanxuduan saponin B can be achieved.
5. Structural Identification Confirm the structure of the compound using modern analytical methods such as mass spectrometry (MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR).

In recent years, the application of supercritical fluid extraction and membrane separation technology has also provided new ideas for the efficient extraction of saponins from Panax notoginseng.

Pharmacological activity research

Chuanxuduan saponin B exhibits significant anti-tumor effects in various pharmacological activities. Both in vitro cell experiments and in vivo animal models have confirmed its inhibitory effect on a variety of tumor cells, including breast cancer, lung cancer, liver cancer, etc. Its anti-tumor activity is mainly manifested as:

• Inhibit tumor cell proliferation By regulating cell cycle related proteins, the proliferation process of tumor cells is blocked.
• Inducing apoptosis of tumor cells Activate endogenous and exogenous apoptotic pathways to promote programmed cell death.
• Inhibit tumor cell migration and invasion Downregulate the expression of matrix metalloproteinases (such as MMP2) and reduce the metastatic potential of tumor cells.
• Angiogenesis inhibition Inhibit the expression of angiogenic factors (such as HIF1A) in the tumor microenvironment and block tumor nutrient supply.

In addition, Chuanxuduan saponin B also exhibits certain anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and immune regulatory effects, providing multi-target support for its comprehensive treatment of tumors and related diseases.

Mechanism of action and molecular targets

The anti-tumor mechanism of Chuanxuduan saponin B involves multiple signaling pathways and key molecular targets, mainly including:

• MCL1 and BCL2 As anti apoptotic proteins, MCL1 and BCL2 play a crucial role in the survival of tumor cells. Chuanxuduan saponin B can downregulate its expression and promote the activation of apoptotic signals.
• STAT3 Signal transducer and activator of transcription factor 3 (STAT3) plays an important role in tumor cell proliferation and immune escape. Chuanxuduan saponin B inhibits the phosphorylation of STAT3 and blocks its transcriptional activity.
• MMP2 Matrix metalloproteinase-2 is involved in the degradation and metastasis of tumor cell matrix. Chuanxuduan saponin B inhibits the expression of MMP2 and reduces tumor invasion ability.
• TOP1 and TOP2A Topoisomerases I and II are key enzymes involved in DNA replication and transcription, and saponins B from Panax notoginseng interfere with their activity, hindering normal DNA replication in tumor cells.
• HIF1A Hypoxia inducible factor 1 α regulates the adaptive response of tumors under hypoxic microenvironment, and Chuanxuduan saponin B inhibits HIF1A expression and tumor angiogenesis.
• MAPK1 Mitogen activated protein kinase 1 is involved in signal transduction for cell proliferation and differentiation, and its activity is regulated by saponins of Panax notoginseng, which affects the fate of tumor cells.
• ESR1 and CYP19A1: Estrogen receptor α and aromatase are particularly important in hormone dependent tumors (such as breast cancer). Dipsacoside B plays an anti hormone dependent tumor role by regulating its expression.

The synergistic effect of multiple targets and pathways mentioned above makes Chuanxuduan saponin B have good potential and wide indications in anti-tumor therapy.

Evaluation of drug properties and pharmacokinetics

The pharmacological parameters of Chuanxuduan saponin B show that it has certain advantages and challenges in drug development:

• Molecular weight and polarity The high molecular weight (1075.2490) and high TPSA (353.9) limit its oral absorption and cell membrane permeability, which may lead to lower bioavailability.
• LogP value A moderate hydrophobicity of 1.9292 is beneficial for cell membrane penetration, but insufficient water solubility (0.2115) affects its formulation development.
• Low permeability of blood-brain barrier It is suggested that it mainly acts on peripheral tissues to reduce the risk of central nervous system toxicity.
• safety No hERG channel inhibition, reducing the risk of cardiac toxicity; The Ames test is negative, indicating no mutagenicity and high safety.

In terms of pharmacokinetics, existing research is relatively limited, but it is speculated that Chuanxuduan saponin B may undergo liver metabolism and intestinal microbiota transformation in vivo, and the activity and toxicity of metabolites need further systematic study. Its low water solubility and high polarity suggest the need for formulation improvements (such as nanocarriers, liposomes, etc.) to enhance bioavailability.

Clinical application prospects and prospects

As a natural product with multi-target anti-tumor activity, Chuanxuduan saponin B has shown broad application prospects in the field of tumor therapy. Its multiple mechanisms of action not only inhibit tumor cell proliferation and metastasis, but also regulate the tumor microenvironment, enhance immune response, and have the potential to become a new anti-tumor drug. In addition, the safety of Chuanxuduan saponin B is good, providing a basic guarantee for clinical application.

Future research should focus on the following aspects:

1. Pharmacokinetic and Toxicological Systematic Review Clarify its absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion characteristics in the body, and evaluate the safety of long-term medication.
2. Formulation development and optimization of administration routes Improve its bioavailability and targeting through nanotechnology, liposome encapsulation, or other novel drug delivery systems.
3. Combination therapy strategy Exploring the synergistic effect of Chuanxuduan saponin B with existing chemotherapy drugs, targeted drugs, or immunotherapy to enhance therapeutic efficacy and reduce side effects.
4. Clinical trial design Conduct early clinical trials to verify its effectiveness and safety, and promote its translation into clinical applications.

Conclusion

As an important active ingredient in Chuanxuduan, Chuanxuduan saponin B has become a hot topic in natural product pharmacology research due to its unique chemical structure and multi-target anti-tumor effects. Its significant pharmacological activity and good safety demonstrated in the field of anti-tumor provide valuable natural resources and theoretical basis for the development of new anti-cancer drugs. Although there are certain challenges in developing its pharmacological properties, with the continuous advancement of modern drug formulation technology and molecular biology research, Chuanxuduan saponin B is expected to become an important candidate drug for future anti-tumor therapy. Further in-depth pharmacological mechanism research, pharmacokinetic evaluation, and clinical validation will further promote its clinical application and benefit the vast number of patients.