Product name: Ethyl ganoderate D
Synonym name:
Catalogue No.: BP2250
Cas No.:
Formula: C₃₂H₄₆O₇
Mol Weight: 542.713
Botanical Source: Ganoderma
Type of Compound: Triterpenoids

Purity: 95%~99%
Analysis Method: HPLC-DAD or/and HPLC-ELSD
Identification Method: Mass, NMR
Packing: Brown vial or HDPE plastic bottle

Storage: Store in a well closed container, protected from air and light. Put into refrigerate or freeze for long term storage.
Whenever possible, you should prepare and use solutions on the same day. However, if you need to make up stock solutions in advance, we recommend that you store the solution as aliquots in tightly sealed vials at -20℃. Generally, these will be useable for up to two weeks.

The product could be supplied from milligrams to grams
Inquire for bulk scale.

For Reference Standard and R&D, Not for Human Use Directly.

Storage conditions：Short-term storage at 2~8℃, long-term storage at -20 ~ -80℃

Lingzhi acid ethyl ester: an exploration journey from traditional fairy grass to modern medicine

1. Overview

Ethyl ganoderite D is a traditional medicinal fungus derived from Ganoderma lucidum（Ganoderma lucidum）Natural triterpenoid compounds. As one of the significant bioactive derivatives of ganoderic acid in Ganoderma lucidum, D-ethyl ganoderic acid has attracted much attention in the fields of natural product chemistry and pharmacology research in recent years. Lingzhi, known as the "fairy grass" or "auspicious grass" since ancient times, has a history of over two thousand years of application in the Eastern medical system. It is widely used to enhance immunity, delay aging, and assist in the treatment of various chronic diseases. Modern scientific research has revealed that the many pharmacological activities of Ganoderma lucidum are closely related to its rich active ingredients, among which triterpenoids, especially ganoderic acid and its derivatives, are considered one of its core functional ingredients.

Lingzhi acid D ethyl ester is the product of esterification modification of Lingzhi acid D. This structural modification may alter its original physicochemical properties and biological activity, thereby affecting its absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion processes, and may even enhance or generate new pharmacological effects. Although there is currently insufficient public data on the compound, such as complete molecular formula, molecular weight, CAS number, and detailed target information, the study of its parent compound, ganoderic acid D, has provided important scientific background for it. Lingzhi acid D has been proven to have various activities such as anti-tumor, anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, and immune regulation. Therefore, as a derivative, the research value of D-ethyl ganoderic acid is self-evident. It represents an important pathway for exploring lead compounds from traditional herbs and developing new drugs through structural optimization. This article aims to systematically review the relevant scientific information on D-ethyl ganoderic acid, and provide a professional and comprehensive perspective for researchers by combining its plant sources, potential pharmacological mechanisms, and medicinal properties.

2. Chemical structure and physicochemical properties

Lingzhi acid ethyl ester belongs to highly oxidized lanostane triterpenoids. Its basic skeleton is consistent with ganoderic acid D, which is a steroid like structure with four rings (A, B, C, D), and multiple oxygen-containing functional groups such as hydroxyl, carboxyl, and carbonyl groups are connected to the skeleton. The name "ethyl ester" specifically refers to the esterification reaction between the carboxyl group (- COOH) in its molecule and ethanol, forming the carboxylic acid ethyl ester (- COOCH ₂ CH ∝) group. This structural change is the core difference between it and ganoderic acid D.

Esterification modification has a direct impact on the properties of compounds:
1. Enhanced lipid solubility After the carboxyl group is esterified, the polarity of the molecule decreases and the lipophilicity (lipophilicity) significantly increases. This is usually reflected in LogP value (lipid water partition coefficient) Increase in size. LogP is a numerical value that measures the distribution ratio of a compound in n-octanol (oil phase) and water phase. The larger the value, the stronger the lipid solubility. Lingzhi acid D itself may have a relatively low LogP value due to the presence of multiple polar groups (such as hydroxyl and carboxyl), which limits its transmembrane absorption. After esterification, the LogP value of D-ethyl ganoderic acid is expected to increase, which may improve its ability to penetrate cell membranes through passive diffusion, thereby enhancing oral bioavailability.
2. Molecular Weight and Topological Polarity Surface Area (TPSA)Although the exact molecular formula and molecular weight are currently unknown, it can be inferred that the molecular weight of ethyl ester of ganoderic acid D has increased by about 28 (the mass of ethyl ester) compared to ganoderic acid D. Meanwhile, due to ester bonds replacing acidic carboxyl groups Topological Polarity Surface Area (TPSA) There will be slight changes. TPSA is related to the hydrogen bonding ability of molecules and is a key parameter affecting drug absorption and blood-brain barrier penetration. Esterification usually reduces TPSA, which is beneficial for the transmembrane transport of compounds.
3. Stability and Metabolism Ester bonds are easily hydrolyzed by esterases in the body, so D-ethyl ganoderic acid may be a Prodrug The prodrug itself may have weak or no activity, but it is metabolized and converted into an active form (such as ganoderic acid D) in the body to exert its effect. This design can optimize the pharmacokinetic properties of the original drug, such as improving oral absorption, enhancing targeting, and reducing local irritation.

In summary, the introduction of ethyl ester groups in Ganoderma lucidum acid D ethyl ester has optimized the chemical properties of the parent compound, aiming to solve the common problems of poor solubility and low bioavailability of natural triterpenoids, and lay the foundation for their medicinal development.

3. Plant sources and traditional applications

The direct plant source of ethyl ganoderic acid D is Ganoderma lucidum It belongs to the phylum Basidiomycota and the family Ganoderma in the fungal kingdom. Lingzhi mainly grows on the decaying wood of broad-leaved trees, and its fruiting body is lignified. The cap is kidney shaped or semi-circular, with a lacquer like luster on the surface, ranging in color from reddish brown to purple black, and the stem is lateral. In East Asian countries such as China, Japan, and South Korea, Ganoderma lucidum is revered as a precious delicacy for nourishing and strengthening the body.

In traditional medical literature, the record of Ganoderma lucidum has a long history:
- Shennong Bencao Jing During the Eastern Han Dynasty, Lingzhi was classified as a top-grade herb, known for its ability to alleviate hearing loss, promote joint health, protect the spirit, nourish essence and qi, strengthen muscles and bones, and promote good color. It was believed that long-term consumption could lighten the body, prevent aging, and prolong life.
- Compendium of Materia Medica In the middle, Li Shizhen described in detail the six types of Ganoderma lucidum (green, red, yellow, white, black, purple) and their effects, further consolidating its core position of "strengthening the body and consolidating the foundation".

Traditionally, Ganoderma lucidum is mainly used for:
1. Nourish qi and calm the mind The treatment of restlessness, insomnia, palpitations, palpitations, and forgetfulness is often regarded as a good medicine for "calming the mind and calming the mind".
2. Cough and asthma relief Used for treating cough caused by fatigue, excessive phlegm, and asthma.
3. Strengthening the foundation and enhancing resistance Used for post illness physical weakness, old age and frailty, as a tonic to enhance the body's non-specific resistance.
4. Adjuvant treatment for chronic diseases In folk culture, Ganoderma lucidum decoction or soaking in wine is commonly used to assist in regulating hypertension, hyperlipidemia, hepatitis, etc.

These traditional applications, although based on experience, provide valuable clues for modern research. As a member of the triterpenoid components in Ganoderma lucidum, D-ethyl ganoderic acid is one of the chemical substances that carry these traditional functions. Modern pharmacological research is committed to interpreting these ancient wisdom with scientific language, elucidating the molecular mechanisms behind their "qi tonifying," "calming," and "anti-aging" effects.

4. Pharmacological activity and mechanism of action

Although there is currently limited publicly available independent target research data on ethyl ganoderic acid D, we can infer its potential core pharmacological activity and possible mechanism of action from extensive studies on its parent compound, ganoderic acid D, and triterpenoids. Lingzhi acid D has been proven to be a natural product with multi-target and multi pathway effects.

Core pharmacological activity inference:

1. Antitumor activity This is the most in-depth field of research on triterpenoids in Ganoderma lucidum. Lingzhi acid D has been reported to inhibit tumor cell proliferation and induce apoptosis through various mechanisms:

   • Inducing cell cycle arrest Block tumor cells in G1 or G2/M phase to prevent them from undergoing mitosis.
   • Activate apoptotic pathway Upregulation of pro apoptotic proteins (such as Bax, caspase-3/9) and downregulation of anti apoptotic proteins (such as Bcl-2) induce cell apoptosis through the mitochondrial pathway.
   • Inhibit tumor invasion and metastasis By downregulating the expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) such as MMP-2 and MMP-9, the migration and invasion ability of tumor cells can be inhibited.
   • Inhibit tumor angiogenesis Reduce the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and cut off the nutritional supply to the tumor.
   • Regulating signal pathways Involving the regulation of key signaling pathways such as NF - κ B, PI3K/Akt, MAPK, Wnt/β - catenin, etc. Lingzhi acid ethyl ester, as a derivative, is likely to retain these anti-tumor properties, and due to its enhanced lipophilicity, it may be easier to enter tumor cells and exert its effects.

2. Anti inflammatory and immune regulatory activity：

   • Inhibit inflammatory mediators Lingzhi acid D can inhibit the production of nitric oxide (NO), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), and pro-inflammatory cytokines (such as TNF - α, IL-1 β, IL-6) induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and other factors in macrophages. Its mechanism of action is related to the inhibition of the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), which are key enzymes in the inflammatory response.
   • Regulating immune cell function It may exert immunomodulatory effects by regulating T lymphocyte subsets (such as Th1/Th2 balance), promoting dendritic cell maturation, or modulating macrophage polarization (towards anti-inflammatory M2 type). This is highly consistent with the traditional function of "strengthening the body and consolidating the foundation" of Ganoderma lucidum.

3. Liver protective effect：

   • Research has shown that ganoderic acid D has a protective effect on acute liver injury caused by chemicals such as carbon tetrachloride (CCl ₄) and acetaminophen (APAP). The mechanism may be related to antioxidant activity (clearing free radicals, enhancing glutathione levels), anti apoptosis, and inhibition of inflammatory response.

4. Other potential activities：

   • neuroprotection Possible protective effects on neurodegenerative disease models (such as Alzheimer's disease) through antioxidant and anti-inflammatory mechanisms.
   • Hypolipidemia and anti atherosclerosis Ganoderma triterpenoids have been reported to regulate lipid metabolism.

Scientific explanation of the mechanism of action:

The effects of ganoderic acid D and its ethyl ester derivatives have Multi target and network regulation The characteristics. They do not act precisely on a single target like many synthetic drugs, but rather act like a "multi key" that can simultaneously affect multiple key nodes within the cell (signaling pathways, transcription factors, enzyme activity). For example, its anti-inflammatory and anti-tumor effects often intersect NF - κ B signaling pathway NF - κ B is a core transcription factor that regulates inflammation, cell survival, and proliferation. Lingzhi acid D can inhibit the activity of I κ B kinase (IKK), prevent the phosphorylation and degradation of I κ B protein, and thus retain NF - κ B dimers in the cytoplasm, preventing them from entering the nucleus to initiate the transcription of downstream pro-inflammatory and pro survival genes. This intervention on key upstream nodes can have a wide range of biological effects.

For ethyl ester of ganoderic acid D, its ethyl ester structure may bring Pharmacokinetic advantages Make it easier to be absorbed and distributed to target tissues. Inside the cell, it may be hydrolyzed by esterases to release the active form of ganoderic acid D, thereby exerting the aforementioned pharmacological effects. This' prodrug 'strategy may make it more effective in the body.

Association with diseases Based on the above activity, the potential application directions of D-ethyl ganoderic acid include:
- Adjuvant therapy and chemoprevention of tumors
- Chronic inflammatory diseases(such as arthritis, colitis)
- Metabolic diseases(such as non-alcoholic fatty liver, atherosclerosis)
- Neuroprotection of neurodegenerative diseases

5. Evaluation of drug properties

Drug efficacy evaluation is a key step in determining whether a compound can be successfully developed into a drug, mainly examining its Absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity (ADMET) Nature We conducted a preliminary evaluation of D-ethyl ganoderic acid using general standards such as Lipinski's Five Rules.

1. Lipinski's Rule of Five This is a set of empirical rules used to predict the oral absorption potential of compounds. Due to the lack of precise molecular weight, we conducted analysis based on the universal characteristics of triterpenoid compounds:

   • Molecular weight (MW)The molecular weight of typical Ganoderma triterpenoids is between 400-600 Da. The molecular weight of ethyl ester of ganoderic acid D is likely to exceed 500 Da, possibly Approaching or slightly exceeding The upper limit of 'less than 500 Da' suggested by the rules.
   • Lipid water partition coefficient (LogP)As mentioned earlier, ethylation aims to improve lipid solubility. Its LogP value may be optimized to an ideal range of 3-5 (rule suggests LogP<5), which is beneficial for passive diffusion absorption.
   • Number of hydrogen bond donors (HBDs)Lingzhi acid D skeleton contains multiple hydroxyl groups, but ethylation does not increase HBD. The number of HBDs may be around 3,Comply with Rule (recommended ≤ 5).
   • Number of hydrogen bond acceptors (HBAs)The molecule contains multiple carbonyl, ether, and hydroxyl groups, and the number of HBAs may be 8-10,May exceed The upper limit of "≤ 10" suggested by the rule.
   • Conclusion Lingzhi acid ethyl ester may violate one or both of "molecular weight ≤ 500" and "hydrogen bond acceptor ≤ 10". But this does not necessarily mean poor oral absorption, as many natural products (such as cyclosporine) may violate regulations but can still be orally absorbed. This suggests that it may require formulation techniques such as nano formulations and liposomes to improve bioavailability.

2. Other key pharmacological parameters：

   • Topological Polarity Surface Area (TPSA)The expected TPSA after esterification is less than that of ganoderic acid D. If TPSA can be controlled within Below 140 Å ²It is more beneficial for oral absorption. If it is too high, it may affect membrane permeability.
   • Blood-brain barrier (BBB) penetrability Triterpenoids typically have moderate to weak BBB penetration. The increased lipophilicity of D-ethyl ganoderic acid may contribute to its BBB penetration, but specific experimental measurements are needed. If its TPSA is too high or its molecular weight is too large, it may limit its entry into the central nervous system.
   • Cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzyme interactions Triterpenoids are often substrates or inhibitors of CYP enzymes, which may lead to drug drug interactions. It is necessary to evaluate its impact on major CYP subtypes, such as CYP3A4.
   • toxicity At present, there is no specific toxicity data for D-ethyl ganoderic acid. However, as a medicinal and edible product that can be consumed for a long time, the extract of Ganoderma lucidum is relatively safe. However, the toxicity of high-purity monomeric compounds still needs to be evaluated through systematic preclinical toxicology studies, such as acute toxicity, genetic toxicity, and long-term toxicity.

Comprehensive Assessment Lingzhi acid D-ethyl ester, as a derivative of natural products, faces some challenges in oral absorption (possibly violating some Lipinski rules), but its structural modification (ethylation) is a step in the right direction towards improving drug properties. Its true potential as a drug depends on subsequent in-depth research Pharmacokinetic (PK) and Toxicological (Tox) Studies The development strategy may include further structural optimization (preparation of other esters or prodrugs), adoption of advanced drug delivery systems, or exploration of non oral administration routes.

6. Research Status and Application Prospects

Research status：
At present, there is relatively limited independent and publicly available scientific research literature on "D-ethyl ganoderic acid", and it is still a compound in the exploratory stage. Most of the research focus is still on its precursor, ganoderic acid D, as well as other more common ganoderic triterpenoids such as ganoderic acid A, B, C, F, etc. These studies have laid a solid foundation for the biological activity of D-ethyl ganoderic acid. Existing research may focus more on the chemical modification, semi synthesis, and preliminary activity screening of natural products. The lack of information about this compound in databases such as PubChem and SciFinder also reflects that it is still a "new star" at the forefront of research, and more systematic work is needed to fill its data gaps.

Application prospects and future directions：
1. As an anti-tumor lead compound Given the clear anti-tumor mechanism of ganoderic acid D, ganoderic acid D ethyl ester is expected to be developed as a novel anti-tumor drug or adjuvant therapy. Future research should focus on:
- Structure Activity Relationship (SAR) Study The system changes the ethyl ester group or other sites to search for derivatives with better activity and drug properties.
- Combination therapy research Explore its synergistic effect with existing chemotherapy drugs to reduce chemotherapy dosage, alleviate toxic side effects, and overcome drug resistance.
- Targeted delivery system Using nanotechnology (such as nanoparticles and extracellular vesicles) to encapsulate it, achieving targeted enrichment at the tumor site, improving therapeutic efficacy, and reducing systemic toxicity.

1. Application in inflammation and immune related diseases Its anti-inflammatory and immune regulatory properties make it potential for the management of autoimmune diseases, allergic diseases, and chronic inflammation. Further research is needed on the specific molecular targets that regulate immune cell differentiation and function.

2. Management of metabolic diseases To explore its therapeutic effect on nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), diabetes and its complications, and clarify its regulatory mechanism on the glucose and lipid metabolism pathway.

3. Neuroprotective agents Evaluate its ability to penetrate the blood-brain barrier and validate its neuroprotective effects in animal models such as Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease.

4. Comprehensive development of medicinal properties This is the key to pushing laboratory discoveries to clinical applications. The system must complete:

   • Pharmacokinetic study Clarify the entire process of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion in animal bodies.
   • Toxicological research Conduct a comprehensive preclinical safety evaluation.
   • Formulation development Develop stable, efficient, and patient compliant dosage forms based on their physicochemical properties.

Conclusion：
Ganoderma lucidum ethyl ester is a promising chemical entity derived from the traditional treasure Ganoderma lucidum. It carries the wisdom of thousands of years of traditional medicine, but also faces strict scrutiny from modern pharmaceutical science. Although extensive basic and translational research is still needed to verify its safety and effectiveness, as well as overcome challenges in drug development, its multi-target and multi efficacy characteristics perfectly meet the current demand for systematic treatment of complex chronic diseases such as cancer and metabolic syndrome. It is not only a bridge connecting tradition and modernity, but also represents an important strategy for mining simplified and optimized lead compounds from complex natural products. With the continuous advancement of natural product chemistry, pharmacology, and drug delivery technology, D-ethyl ganoderic acid and its analogues are expected to contribute to human health in the future by leveraging the power of ancient fungi.

Disclaimers This article is based on existing public data and scientific inference, aiming to conduct professional science popularization and academic exploration. Lingzhi acid D-ethyl ester is still in the research stage and is not an approved drug. The information in the article cannot be used as medical advice. Any decision regarding disease treatment must be consulted with qualified medical professionals.