| Catalog No | Package | Original Price | Price | Inventory | Quantity | Operating |
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| BP0365-100mg | 100mg | $20.00 | Sign in |
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Storage conditions：Short-term storage at 2~8℃, long-term storage at -20 ~ -80℃
Cinnamyl Alcohol (CAS number: 104-54-1) is a naturally occurring aromatic alcohol compound widely distributed in various plants, especially abundant in chestnut flowers. As a reduction product of cinnamaldehyde, cinnamyl alcohol not only endows plants with a unique aromatic odor, but also receives widespread attention in the fields of pharmacology and natural product chemistry due to its diverse biological activities. In recent years, with the increasingly prominent public health issues such as obesity, inflammatory diseases, and fungal infections, cinnamyl alcohol has become a research hotspot due to its multiple pharmacological effects such as anti obesity, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antifungal effects. This article will provide a systematic review of the chemical structure, physicochemical properties, plant sources, extraction methods, pharmacological activities, and mechanisms of action of cinnamyl alcohol. Combined with pharmacological evaluation and pharmacokinetics, it will explore its clinical application prospects and provide theoretical basis and practical guidance for natural product pharmacology research.
The chemical name of cinnamyl alcohol is 3-phenyl-2-propenol, with a molecular formula of C9H10O and a molecular weight of 134.18. Its structural characteristics are a benzene ring connected to a side chain containing an unsaturated carbon carbon double bond, with a hydroxyl group (- OH) at the end, belonging to aromatic alcohols. This structure endows cinnamyl alcohol with certain lipophilicity and hydrophilicity, exhibiting moderate physicochemical properties.
In terms of physical and chemical parameters, the LogP value of cinnamyl alcohol is 1.96, indicating its good lipid solubility, which is beneficial for cell membrane penetration and in vivo distribution. The polar surface area (TPSA) is 20.23 Å ², and the number of hydrogen bond acceptors is 1, indicating that its molecular polarity is moderate and conducive to binding to biological targets. The water solubility is relatively high, about 1900 mg/L, indicating good solubility in body fluids, which is beneficial for oral absorption. Toxicological evaluation shows that the LD50 of cinnamyl alcohol is about 2000 mg/kg, with low toxicity and no significant hepatotoxicity, cardiotoxicity, or hERG channel inhibition. The Ames mutagenicity test result is negative, indicating high safety. In addition, cinnamyl alcohol has strong blood-brain barrier penetration ability, indicating its potential application value in central nervous system diseases.
Cinnamyl alcohol is mainly found in various aromatic plants, especially chestnut flowers (Castanea mollissima Blume) as the main source. Chestnut flower, as a traditional Chinese medicinal herb, contains abundant cinnamyl alcohol in its volatile oil. In addition, cinnamyl alcohol can also be isolated from plants such as Cinnamomum spp. and Syzygium aromaticum.
There are various extraction methods, including steam distillation, solvent extraction, and supercritical CO2 extraction. Steam distillation is suitable for extracting volatile oils and can effectively obtain essential oil mixtures containing cinnamyl alcohol. Solvent extraction often uses ethanol, methanol, or ethyl acetate as solvents, and the extraction efficiency is optimized by adjusting the solvent polarity. In recent years, supercritical CO2 extraction has become the preferred technology for extracting cinnamyl alcohol due to its environmental friendliness, high efficiency, and good protection of thermosensitive components. After extraction, qualitative and quantitative analysis of cinnamyl alcohol was performed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) techniques to ensure the purity and active ingredient content of the extract.
Cinnamyl alcohol exhibits significant anti obesity effects by regulating the expression of lipid metabolism related genes, particularly by inhibiting the overexpression of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma (PPAR gamma). PPAR γ, as a key transcription factor for adipocyte differentiation and lipid storage, is closely associated with obesity and metabolic syndrome due to its abnormal activation. Cinnamyl alcohol can downregulate the expression of PPAR γ, inhibit the generation of adipocytes and lipid accumulation, and improve obesity related metabolic disorders.
Cinnamyl alcohol has good free radical scavenging ability and can effectively reduce oxidative stress levels. In vitro experiments have shown that cinnamyl alcohol can scavenge free radicals such as DPPH and ABTS, and enhance the activity of intracellular antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx), thereby reducing oxidative damage. This role is of great significance in the prevention and treatment of chronic inflammation, cardiovascular disease, and neurodegenerative diseases.
Cinnamyl alcohol exerts anti-inflammatory effects by regulating the inflammatory signaling pathway, inhibiting the release of pro-inflammatory factors. Research has found that cinnamyl alcohol can inhibit the activation of the NF - κ B signaling pathway, reduce the expression of inflammatory mediators such as tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF - α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6), and alleviate inflammatory responses. This effect demonstrates the potential therapeutic value of cinnamyl alcohol in inflammatory diseases such as arthritis and enteritis.
Cinnamyl alcohol exhibits inhibitory activity against various fungal pathogens, with related targets including ERG11, CYP51A1, CDR1, FKS1, MLS1, CYP51, MDR1, CHS3, ALS3, and CDR2. ERG11 and CYP51A1 encode key enzymes in fungal cell membrane synthesis, and cinnamyl alcohol disrupts the integrity of fungal cell membranes and inhibits fungal growth by interfering with these targets. Inhibition of multidrug resistance related proteins such as CDR1 and MDR1 can help overcome fungal resistance and improve the effectiveness of antifungal treatment. Preclinical studies have shown that the combination of cinnamyl alcohol and traditional antifungal drugs can enhance efficacy and reduce the risk of drug resistance.
The multiple pharmacological effects of cinnamyl alcohol are attributed to its interactions with multiple molecular targets. The anti obesity effect is mainly achieved by negatively regulating PPAR γ expression and blocking the adipocyte differentiation signaling pathway. The antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects involve inhibiting inflammatory signaling pathways such as NF - κ B and MAPK, reducing the production of inflammatory factors, enhancing intracellular antioxidant enzyme activity, and alleviating oxidative stress.
In the antifungal mechanism, cinnamyl alcohol targets the key enzymes ERG11 (encoding 14 α - demethylase) and CYP51 family proteins involved in fungal cell membrane synthesis, inhibiting ergosterol biosynthesis and leading to membrane dysfunction. Meanwhile, cinnamyl alcohol has inhibitory effects on fungal multidrug resistance associated transporters CDR1, MDR1, etc., blocking drug efflux and enhancing intracellular accumulation of antifungal drugs. The effects on FKS1 (β -1,3-glucan synthase) and CHS3 (chitin synthase) disrupt the cell wall structure, further weakening the fungal survival ability.
Molecular docking and cell experiments have validated the binding affinity and functional regulation of cinnamyl alcohol to the aforementioned targets, revealing the molecular basis of its multi-target synergistic effect.
Cinnamyl alcohol exhibits excellent medicinal properties. Its molecular weight of 134.18 conforms to Lipinski's rule, with a moderate LogP value of 1.96 and good water solubility, which is conducive to oral absorption and in vivo distribution. The extremely low polar surface area and hydrogen bond receptor count are beneficial for cell membrane penetration and blood-brain barrier permeability, indicating its potential application in central nervous system diseases.
Toxicological studies have shown that cinnamyl alcohol has low acute toxicity (LD50 of approximately 2000 mg/kg), no hepatotoxicity, cardiotoxicity, or hERG channel inhibition, and a negative Ames test, indicating high safety. The strong permeability of the blood-brain barrier suggests that it can be used for the treatment of brain diseases such as neuropathy.
Pharmacokinetic studies have shown that cinnamyl alcohol is rapidly absorbed after oral administration, with high bioavailability and widespread distribution in the body. Metabolism is mainly carried out through the liver enzyme system, and the metabolites are safe and non-toxic. The main excretion pathways are urine and bile. Its excellent pharmacokinetic characteristics lay the foundation for clinical application.
Based on the multi-target and multi pathway pharmacological activity of cinnamyl alcohol, it has shown broad clinical application prospects in the fields of anti obesity, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antifungal. Especially in the adjuvant therapy of obesity and metabolic syndrome, cinnamyl alcohol is expected to become a safe and effective natural drug candidate by regulating PPAR γ and related signaling pathways. In addition, the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects of cinnamyl alcohol provide new ideas for the treatment of chronic inflammatory and neurodegenerative diseases.
In the field of antifungal therapy, cinnamyl alcohol has shown the potential to overcome drug resistance by targeting multiple fungal targets, especially resistance related proteins. In the future, it can be used in combination with existing antifungal drugs to improve efficacy and reduce the risk of drug resistance. The good safety and blood-brain barrier permeability of cinnamyl alcohol also make it potentially advantageous in the treatment of central nervous system infections such as fungal meningitis.
However, clinical research on cinnamyl alcohol is still in its infancy and there is an urgent need for systematic preclinical and clinical trials to validate its efficacy and safety. Future research should focus on optimizing formulation processes, clarifying dose-response relationships, exploring combination therapy strategies, and delving into molecular mechanisms. In addition, the pharmacokinetic characteristics and metabolic pathways of cinnamyl alcohol also need to be further elucidated to guide rational clinical drug use.
Cinnamyl alcohol, as a natural product with a wide range of sources, simple structure, and rich biological activity, has shown great potential for drug development and clinical application due to its multiple pharmacological effects such as anti obesity, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antifungal effects. Its multi-target mechanism of action and excellent safety provide a solid foundation for the development of new natural medicines. In the future, by deepening pharmacological mechanism research, optimizing extraction and preparation techniques, and conducting systematic clinical evaluations, cinnamyl alcohol is expected to become an important natural medicine in the prevention and treatment of various diseases, contributing new strength to human health.
