| Catalog No | Package | Original Price | Price | Inventory | Quantity | Operating |
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| BP3173-20mg | 20mg | $20.00 | Sign in |
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Storage conditions：Short-term storage at 2~8℃, long-term storage at -20 ~ -80℃
Guanosine, CAS number 118-00-3, is an important natural nucleoside compound, formed by the connection between guanine and ribose in a purine base via β-N9-glycoside bonds. As one of the basic building blocks of nucleic acids, guanine nucleoside plays a key role in nucleic acid metabolism, energy conversion, and signal transduction within cells. In recent years, with the deepening development of natural product pharmacology, guanine nucleoside has become an important candidate for antiviral drug development due to its remarkable antiviral activity, especially its inhibitory effect on herpes simplex virus (HSV). In addition, guanine's potential role in regulating immune responses, neuroprotection, and cellular metabolism has also attracted widespread attention.
This paper aims to systematically review the chemical structure and physicochemical properties of guanoside, plant origin and extraction methods, pharmacological activity and mechanism of action, druggability evaluation, and pharmacokinetic characteristics, and to explore its clinical application prospects and future research directions, providing comprehensive and in-depth reference materials for researchers in the field of natural product pharmacology.
The chemical structure of guanine nucleoside consists of purine base guanine and ribose, which are connected by β-N9 glycan bonds to form a typical nucleoside structure. Its molecular formula is C10H13N5O5, and its molecular weight is 283.2440. The guanine part of the structure contains multiple nitrogen atoms, giving it strong polarity and hydrogen bond donor/acceptor capabilities; The hydroxyl group of the ribose ring enhances its water solubility.
In terms of physicochemical properties, the LogP value of guanine nucleoside was -1.8247, indicating strong hydrophilicity and easy solubility in water (solubility about 4.1618 mg/mL). Its polar surface area (TPSA) is 159.5100 Ų, indicating high molecular polarity that may limit its passive diffusion ability through lipid membranes. The blood-brain barrier has low permeability, indicating limited distribution in the central nervous system. The hERG channel inhibition test was negative, indicating a low risk of cardiotoxicity. The Ames-induced mutagenic test result was 1.2, indicating a low genotoxicity risk and a solid safety foundation.
Guan is widely present in various organisms, especially in higher plants, microorganisms, and animal tissues. In plants, it mainly exists as an intermediate in nucleic acid metabolism, with relatively low levels. Common plant sources include the nuclei and cytoplasm of certain medicinal plants, such as ginkgo leaves, goji berries, and astragalus, but purity and content are greatly affected by plant species, growing environment, and harvest time.
In terms of extraction methods, traditional guanyin extraction mostly uses water extraction or buffer extraction combined with organic solvent separation. The specific steps include:
In recent years, the application of modern technologies such as ultrasound-assisted extraction, microwave-assisted extraction, and enzymatic hydrolysis-assisted extraction has improved extraction efficiency and purity, providing technical support for industrial production.
Guanyin is best known for its pharmacological activity, especially its antiviral effect, particularly its inhibitory effect on herpes simplex virus (HSV). Multiple in vitro experiments have shown that guanyin can effectively reduce the replication of HSV-1 and HSV-2, inhibit viral DNA synthesis, and slow down the process of viral infection. Its antiviral activity is not limited to HSV, but also involves various viruses such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and cytomegalovirus (CMV).
Guanyin exerts certain immunomodulatory effects by regulating immune cell function. Research shows that guanine nucleoside can influence macrophage peroxidase (MPO) activity, regulate inflammatory responses, and reduce oxidative stress levels. Additionally, its regulation of chemokine receptors CCR5 and CXCR4 helps inhibit HIV virus cell invasion.
In recent years, research on guanine nucleoside in the field of neuroprotection has gradually increased. By regulating neuronal energy metabolism, antioxidant stress, and promoting nerve regeneration, it demonstrates potential neuroprotective functions. In animal models, guanyin has a certain alleviating effect on cerebral ischemia and neurodegenerative diseases.
Guanyin is also involved in various biological processes such as cell proliferation, apoptosis regulation, and metabolic regulation, demonstrating broad biological activity. Its potential in tumors, metabolic diseases, and other fields is worth further exploration in the future.
The antiviral mechanism of guanine mainly operates by interfering with key enzymes and proteins in the viral replication cycle. Specific targets include:
Additionally, guanyin enhances antiviral defenses by regulating the host's immune system. It inhibits macrophage MPO activity, reduces the release of inflammatory mediators, and decreases tissue damage.
The druggability evaluation of guanine nucleoside shows it has certain advantages and challenges:
Based on these characteristics, developing guanine nucleoside derivatives or using nanocarrier systems to improve their pharmacokinetic performance is a key direction to enhance their clinical application value.
Although guanine nucleoside has demonstrated good antiviral and immunomodulatory activity in basic research, its clinical application is still in its early stages. Future development directions include:
With advances in molecular biology and medicinal chemistry, guanine nucleoside and its derivatives are expected to become important components of future antiviral and multifunctional therapeutic drugs.
As a natural nucleoside compound, guanine nucleoside demonstrates broad pharmacological potential due to its unique chemical structure and diverse biological activities. Its research achievements in antiviral, immunomodulatory, and neuroprotective fields provide a valuable theoretical and practical foundation for natural product pharmacology. Despite challenges in druggability and pharmacokinetics, the application of structural modification and advanced drug delivery technologies is expected to overcome existing limitations and achieve clinical translation. In the future, in-depth mechanistic research and application development around guanine will promote its important position in new drug development and contribute new therapeutic strategies to human health.
