Product name: Jaligonic acid
Synonym name:
Catalogue No.: BP2288
Cas No.: 51776-39-7
Formula: C30H46O7
Mol Weight: 518.691
Botanical Source:
Type of Compound: Triterpenoids
Purity: 95%~99%
Analysis Method: HPLC-DAD or/and HPLC-ELSD
Identification Method: Mass, NMR
Packing: Brown vial or HDPE plastic bottle
Storage: Store in a well closed container, protected from air and light. Put into refrigerate or freeze for long term storage.
Whenever possible, you should prepare and use solutions on the same day. However, if you need to make up stock solutions in advance, we recommend that you store the solution as aliquots in tightly sealed vials at -20℃. Generally, these will be useable for up to two weeks.
The product could be supplied from milligrams to grams
Inquire for bulk scale.
For Reference Standard and R&D, Not for Human Use Directly.
Storage conditions：Short-term storage at 2~8℃, long-term storage at -20 ~ -80℃
Jaligonic acid (CAS No.: 51776-39-7) is a natural compound with significant biological activity that has attracted widespread attention in recent years in the fields of natural medicinal chemistry and oncology pharmacology. As a class of naturally occurring triterpenoids with complex structures, galiguic acid has been found in various plants, demonstrating multi-target and multi-pathway pharmacological activity, especially showing potential application value in gastric cancer prevention and treatment research. As one of the malignant tumors with high incidence and mortality rates worldwide, gastric cancer urgently needs innovative drug support for its treatment strategies. Galligocic acid demonstrates the ability to inhibit tumor cell proliferation, induce apoptosis, and block signaling pathways by regulating multiple key molecular targets such as BCL2, PIK3CA, EGFR, and TP53, making it an important candidate molecule for natural anticancer drug development.
This paper aims to systematically review the chemical structure and physicochemical properties of gallifruit acid, plant origin and extraction methods, pharmacological activity and mechanism of action, druggability evaluation, and pharmacokinetic characteristics. It also explores its clinical application prospects in gastric cancer and other diseases in light of current research progress, aiming to provide reference and inspiration for researchers in related fields.
Galligolic acid has the molecular formula C_30H_46O_8 and a molecular weight of 518.6910, making it a naturally acidic triterpene product. Its structural features include multiple hydroxyl substitutions and carboxyl functional groups, which give it strong polarity and biological activity. The LogP value of Galligolic acid is 3.1790, indicating moderate lipid solubility, which facilitates penetration of cell membranes without being overly hydrophobic, facilitating distribution in the body. Its topological pole surface area (TPSA) is 135.2900, indicating that the molecule has a relatively high polarity region, which may affect its binding ability to target proteins and pharmacokinetic behavior.
Low water solubility (0.0325 mg/mL) suggests that the solubility of galligic acid in the aqueous phase is limited, posing certain challenges for formulation development. Low blood-brain barrier penetration ability indicates limited distribution in the central nervous system, reducing the risk of CNS toxicity. The hERG channel inhibition test was negative, indicating a low risk of cardiotoxicity in galigulate acid. The Ames mutagenicity test result was 0.0, indicating no significant genotoxicity and good safety.
Overall, the physicochemical properties of galifruit are suitable as candidates for oral or topical administration, but water solubility and bioavailability still need improvement through drug design and formulation optimization.
Gallicic acid was originally isolated from plants of the genus Galli, which are widely distributed in tropical and subtropical regions and have traditionally been used in folk herbal medicine to treat various diseases. The main source plants include the roots, stems, and leaves of Jaligo spp. The califruit acid content in plants is relatively low, and the extraction and purification process is complex, which affects its large-scale application.
Common extraction methods include organic solvent extraction extraction, ultrasound-assisted extraction, and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) separation and purification. Ethanol or methanol is generally used as extraction solvents, combined with ultrasonic or reflux extraction technologies to improve extraction efficiency. The crude extract undergoes multiple purification steps such as silica gel column chromatography and reversed-phase HPLC, ultimately obtaining high-purity calioleic acid.
In recent years, green extraction technologies such as supercritical CO_2 extraction and microwave-assisted extraction have gradually been applied to the extraction of gallic acid, improving extraction efficiency while reducing the use of organic solvents, aligning with the sustainable development concept of modern natural products.
Pharmacological activity studies of Galligalic acid have mainly focused on its antitumor effects, especially its inhibitory effect on gastric cancer cells. In vitro experiments showed that galifruit acid can significantly inhibit the proliferation of gastric cancer cell lines, inducing cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. Its antitumor activity is closely related to the regulation of multiple signaling pathways.
In addition, galifruit fruit acid exhibits multiple biological activities including anti-inflammation, antioxidant, and immunomodulatory properties, providing multidimensional support for its anti-cancer effects. For example, in the inflammatory microenvironment, galifruit indirectly inhibits tumor occurrence and progression by inhibiting pro-inflammatory cytokines and oxidative stress responses.
Animal model studies further confirmed the antitumor potential of gallifruit acid; both oral and injectable administration can significantly delay tumor growth, reduce metastasis rates, and have mild toxic side effects, laying a foundation for clinical translation.
Research on the mechanism of gallic acid reveals its anti-cancer effects through multiple targets and synergistic pathways. The main targets include:
In summary, gallic acid regulates tumor cell proliferation, apoptosis, migration, and signal transduction through multiple targets, demonstrating its potential as a multifunctional anticancer drug.
From the perspective of druggability, Galifruit has good medicinal potential. Its molecular weight (518.7) is slightly above the 500 recommended by Lipinski's rules, but still within an acceptable range. The LogP was 3.179, indicating moderate lipid solubility, which is beneficial for cell membrane penetration. The TPSA was 135.29, slightly above the ideal range (<140 Ų), which may affect oral bioavailability but does not pose an absolute barrier.
Low water solubility is a major limitation for druggability, requiring chemical modifications, carrier systems, or nanoformulations to improve solubility and absorption. The blood-brain barrier has low penetration capacity, reducing the risk of central nervous system side effects but limiting its application in neurological diseases.
The negative inhibition of hERG channels and the absence of mutagenicity in the Ames test indicate that gallifruit is relatively safe and carries low risks of cardiotoxicity and genotoxicity.
Pharmacokinetic research is still in its early stages, with limited data on in vivo half-life, metabolic pathways, and excretion modes. Animal experiments have shown that oral glycolic acid can reach effective blood concentrations, and metabolism mainly occurs through hepatic enzyme systems, with no significant toxicity accumulation.
In the future, systematic pharmacokinetic and toxicological studies are needed to optimize administration regimens and enhance clinical translation potential.
As a multi-target natural anti-cancer active molecule, galifruit acid shows broad application prospects in the field of gastric cancer treatment. By regulating signaling pathways related to tumor cell proliferation, apoptosis, and metastasis, it has the potential to inhibit tumor growth and reduce the risk of metastasis, making it suitable as a candidate for adjuvant therapy or combination chemotherapy.
Moreover, the low toxicity and good safety profile of gallic fruit provide favorable conditions for its clinical development. With the development of nanotechnology and drug delivery systems, improvements in formulations are expected to achieve better efficacy in response to their poor water solubility and low bioavailability.
Future research should focus on:
In summary, galifruit is expected to become a model for the development of natural anti-cancer drugs, offering new treatment options for gastric cancer patients.
As a triterpene compound derived from natural plants, galifruit acid demonstrates significant pharmacological activity and good safety in the prevention and treatment of malignant tumors such as gastric cancer, thanks to its unique chemical structure and multi-target mechanism. Although its physicochemical properties have certain limitations, with the help of modern drug design and formulation technology, it is expected to overcome the problem of insufficient bioavailability.
In the future, with deeper analysis of its mechanism of action and improved pharmacokinetic studies, galifruit is expected to enter clinical trials and become an innovative drug in the field of gastric cancer. As an important branch of natural product pharmacology research, the development of galifruit acid has not only enriched the anti-tumor drug library but also provided valuable experience for the modernization and transformation of natural medicines.
Ongoing efforts in basic research and clinical translation will promote gallifruit from the laboratory to clinical practice, benefiting a wide range of patients and advancing the development of natural product pharmacology to a new level.
