Product name: Euphornin
Synonym name:
Catalogue No.: BP5204
Cas No.: 80454-47-3
Formula: C33H44O9
Mol Weight: 584.706
Botanical Source:
Type of Compound: Terpenoids
Purity: 95%~99%
Analysis Method: HPLC-DAD or/and HPLC-ELSD
Identification Method: Mass, NMR
Packing: Brown vial or HDPE plastic bottle
Storage: Store in a well closed container, protected from air and light. Put into refrigerate or freeze for long term storage.
Whenever possible, you should prepare and use solutions on the same day. However, if you need to make up stock solutions in advance, we recommend that you store the solution as aliquots in tightly sealed vials at -20℃. Generally, these will be useable for up to two weeks.
The product could be supplied from milligrams to grams
Inquire for bulk scale.
For Reference Standard and R&D, Not for Human Use Directly.
NMR of Euphornin
HPLC of Euphornin
Storage conditions：Short-term storage at 2~8℃, long-term storage at -20 ~ -80℃
Euphornin (CAS number: 80454-47-3) is a natural product isolated from Euphorbia helioscopia L., a plant in the Euphorbiaceae family, and has significant anti-cancer activity. As a diterpenoid compound with unique structure and biological activity, Euphorbiaside has attracted widespread attention in the field of natural product pharmacology. In recent years, with the increasing demand for cancer treatment, the research on natural products as potential new anti-cancer drugs has become increasingly in-depth. Euphorbia glycoside, with its dual mechanism of inducing cell apoptosis and cell cycle arrest, has become one of the important candidate molecules for the development of anti-tumor drugs.
In addition, Euphorbia glycoside also exhibits a laxative effect, involving multiple intestinal related targets, which provides new ideas for its potential application in digestive system diseases. This article aims to systematically review the chemical structure, plant origin, pharmacological activity, and mechanism of action of Euphorbia glycoside, and explore its clinical application prospects and future research directions in combination with its pharmacological evaluation, providing theoretical basis and research reference for subsequent drug development.
The molecular formula of Euphorbiaceae glycoside is C30H44O12, with a molecular weight of 584.7060. It belongs to the typical diterpenoid glycosides in Euphorbiaceae plants. Its structure contains multiple hydroxyl and sugar modifications, giving it high polarity characteristics. In terms of physicochemical properties, the LogP value of Euphorbiaside is 4.1836, indicating that it has moderate hydrophobicity, which is conducive to cell membrane penetration but not too hydrophobic to affect bioavailability. Its topological polar surface area (TPSA) is 125.43 Å ^ 2, indicating that the molecule has strong polarity and hydrogen bond donor/acceptor ability, which is conducive to binding with biomolecule targets.
Low water solubility (0.0108 mg/mL) may limit its oral absorption and bioavailability, which needs to be improved through pharmaceutical formulation technology. The low penetration ability of the blood-brain barrier suggests that it is difficult for it to enter the central nervous system, reducing the risk of central toxicity. The hERG channel inhibition experiment showed a negative result, indicating a low risk of cardiac toxicity from Euphorbiaside. The Ames mutagenicity test result was 0.0, indicating no significant mutagenicity and high safety.
Overall, the physicochemical properties of Euphorbia glycoside are suitable as a basis for its development as an anti-cancer drug, but its solubility and pharmacokinetic properties need to be optimized.
Euphorbia helioscopia L. (commonly known as Euphorbia helioscopia), a plant in the Euphorbiaceae family, is the main source of Euphorbia glycosides. This plant is widely distributed in China and other parts of Asia, traditionally used for treating tumors, inflammation, and digestive system diseases. Plants contain abundant diterpenoid compounds, among which Euphorbian glycoside, as one of the main active ingredients, has a relatively high content.
The extraction process usually uses organic solvent extraction combined with column chromatography separation. The specific process is as follows: after crushing the dried whole plant of E. helioscopia, reflux extraction is carried out with ethanol or methanol, concentration is carried out, and then purified by silica gel column chromatography or high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) to obtain high-purity Euphorbian glycoside. In recent years, ultrasound assisted extraction and microwave-assisted extraction techniques have also been introduced to improve extraction efficiency and purity.
In addition, to ensure the stability of the active ingredients, temperature and pH conditions need to be controlled during the extraction process to avoid degradation and isomerization of Euphorbiaside. The optimization of extraction and purification technology is of great significance for large-scale preparation and drug development.
The anti-tumor activity of Euphorbia glycoside is the core of its research. In vitro cell experiments showed that Euphorbia officinalis could significantly inhibit the proliferation of many human cancer cell lines, including lung cancer, liver cancer, breast cancer and colorectal cancer cells. Its IC_50 values are generally in the low micromolar range, indicating strong cytotoxicity.
In vivo experiments, Euphorbian glycoside significantly inhibits tumor growth in tumor transplantation models through intraperitoneal injection or oral administration, and has low toxicity to normal tissues, demonstrating good selectivity and safety.
Euphorbian induces programmed cell death in cancer cells by activating the caspase dependent apoptotic pathway. Research has found that after treatment with Euphorbian glycoside, the activity of caspase-3, caspase-8, and caspase-9 in cells significantly increases, accompanied by upregulation of apoptosis related proteins such as Bax and downregulation of Bcl-2, suggesting that it promotes cell apoptosis through both endogenous and exogenous pathways.
Euphorbian glycoside can induce cell cycle arrest and mainly acts on the G2/M phase. The mechanism involves increasing the level of phosphorylated CDK1 (Tyr15) protein, inhibiting CDK1 activity, blocking cell cycle progression, and thereby inhibiting cell proliferation. This cell cycle regulation provides important support for its anti-tumor effect.
In addition to its anticancer activity, Euphorbian glycoside also exhibits a laxative effect, involving various intestinal ion channels and transporters, including SLC5A1, CFTR, AQP3, KCNJ13, SLC12A2, KCNMA1, and SCNN1B. By regulating these targets, Euphorbia glycoside promotes the secretion of intestinal water and electrolytes, increases the fluidity of intestinal contents, and exerts a laxative effect. This role provides a theoretical basis for its potential application in digestive system diseases.
The anticancer mechanism of Euphorbia glycoside mainly involves the following aspects:
Caspase mediated cell apoptosis
Euphorbian activates caspase family proteins, triggering a cascade of cell apoptosis. It regulates the balance of Bcl-2 family proteins, disrupts mitochondrial membrane potential, releases cytochrome C, and initiates endogenous apoptosis pathways. At the same time, activating the exogenous pathway mediated by death receptors enhances apoptosis signaling.
cell cycle regulation
Euphorbia glycoside promotes phosphorylation of CDK1 Tyr15 site, inhibits the activity of CDK1/cyclin B complex, and leads to G2/M phase cell cycle arrest. This mechanism effectively blocks cell division and inhibits tumor cell proliferation.
Regulation of ion channels and transporters
In the process of diarrhea, Euphorbian regulates various ion channels and transporters in intestinal epithelial cells, such as SLC5A1 (sodium glucose co transporter), CFTR (cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator), AQP3 (aquaporin), etc., promoting the secretion of water and electrolytes in the intestinal lumen and enhancing intestinal peristalsis.
Signal pathway regulation
The study also found that Euphorbia glycoside may affect signaling pathways such as PI3K/Akt and MAPK/ERK, regulating cell proliferation, apoptosis, and metabolic status, but the specific mechanism still needs to be further explored.
In summary, Euphorbia glycoside exerts its dual pharmacological effects of anti-cancer and diarrhea through multi-target and multi pathway synergistic effects.
The pharmacological evaluation of Euphorbian glycoside shows that it has certain potential for development. The molecular weight is slightly higher (584.7 Da) than the recommended upper limit of 500 Da by Lipinski rules, which may affect oral absorption. The LogP value of 4.18 indicates moderate hydrophobicity, which facilitates membrane penetration, but low water solubility (0.0108 mg/mL) limits its bioavailability.
Low blood-brain barrier penetration ability reduces the risk of central nervous system toxicity. The hERG channel inhibition test is negative, indicating good cardiac safety. The Ames mutagenicity test result is 0, indicating a low risk of genetic toxicity.
In terms of pharmacokinetics, existing literature reports are limited. Preliminary in vivo studies have shown that the oral absorption of Euphorbiaside is poor, with a moderate plasma half-life. It is mainly metabolized through the liver and may involve glycoside hydrolases and hepatic drug enzyme systems. The activity and toxicity of its metabolites need further evaluation.
To improve pharmacokinetic performance, strategies such as nanocarriers, liposome encapsulation, and prodrug design can be adopted in the future to enhance its solubility, bioavailability, and targeting.
As a natural product with a clear anti-cancer mechanism, Euphorbiaside has great potential for clinical development. It exhibits significant anti proliferative effects against various types of tumors through the dual mechanisms of inducing cell apoptosis and cell cycle arrest, and has high safety, making it suitable for further preclinical research and drug development.
The discovery of the laxative effect has expanded the indications of Euphorbian glycoside, and its application in digestive system diseases such as constipation and intestinal dysfunction can be explored in the future. The multi-target action characteristics make it possible to serve as a multifunctional drug.
However, the clinical research on Euphorbian glycoside is still in its infancy, with problems such as poor water solubility, low oral absorption, and unclear metabolic pathways. Future research should focus on:
Through interdisciplinary collaboration, Euphorbian glycoside is expected to become a new generation of natural anti-cancer drugs and therapeutic agents for digestive system diseases.
Euphorbia helioscopia, a natural diterpenoid glycoside derived from Euphorbia helioscopia, has shown broad application prospects in the fields of anti-cancer and diarrhea due to its unique chemical structure and multi-target pharmacological activity. It effectively inhibits tumor cell proliferation through caspase mediated apoptosis and CDK1 phosphorylation induced cell cycle arrest mechanism, while regulating intestinal ion channels and exerting a laxative effect.
Despite its poor water solubility and pharmacokinetic limitations, Euphorbiaside remains an important molecule in natural product pharmacology research. In the future, through drug design and formulation optimization, it is expected to overcome existing shortcomings and promote its clinical translation. The in-depth mechanism research and safety evaluation of the system will lay a solid foundation for it to become a new type of anti-cancer and digestive system disease treatment drug.
In summary, Euphorbia glycoside not only enriches the natural product anti-cancer drug library, but also provides an example for the development of multifunctional natural product drugs, which deserves continuous attention and in-depth research.
