Storage conditions：Short-term storage at 2~8℃, long-term storage at -20 ~ -80℃
99.1900
2.5000
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Acetylcolinoline (CAS number: 18797-80-3) is a benzophenanthrene alkaloid derived from the Chinese medicinal plant Corydalis bungeana. As one of the main active ingredients of this plant, acetyl violet spirit has attracted widespread attention in the field of natural product pharmacology in recent years due to its significant anti-inflammatory effects and multi-target regulatory properties. Research has shown that acetyl violet spirit not only has anti-inflammatory and immune regulatory functions, but also demonstrates potential application value in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's disease. In addition, its protective effect and regulatory effect on immune cell function in experimental liver injury models further enrich its pharmacological activity spectrum.
This article aims to systematically review the chemical structure and physicochemical properties, plant sources, and extraction methods of acetyl violet spirit, with a focus on its pharmacological activity and mechanism of action, exploring its pharmacological parameters and pharmacokinetic characteristics, and looking forward to its clinical application prospects, providing theoretical basis and research direction for subsequent basic and translational research.
The chemical structure of acetyl purple violet spirit belongs to the benzophenanthridine alkaloid class, with a molecular formula of C23H27NO6 and a molecular weight of 409.43. Its core structure is composed of a benzophenanthrene skeleton, containing multiple phenolic hydroxyl groups and acetylated modification groups, endowing it with unique physicochemical properties. The LogP value is about 2.5, indicating that it has moderate lipid solubility, which is beneficial for cell membrane penetration. The topological polar surface area (TPSA) is 99.19 Å ², indicating that its polarity is moderate and may affect its bioavailability and blood-brain barrier penetration ability.
Acetyl violet spirit contains 7 hydrogen bond receptors, indicating that it may form multi-point hydrogen bond interactions when binding to biomolecule targets. Although its blood-brain barrier penetration ability has been evaluated as low, its potential role in neurological diseases suggests that it may exert central nervous system regulatory functions through indirect mechanisms or metabolites. Currently, there is a lack of systematic data on safety indicators such as liver toxicity, cardiac toxicity, and hERG channel inhibition, and further in-depth research is needed.
Acetyl purple violet spirit is mainly isolated from the Chinese medicinal herb Corydalis bungeana. Corydalis bungeana is widely distributed in northern and northeastern China, and is a commonly used medicinal herb in traditional Chinese medicine for promoting blood circulation, removing blood stasis, reducing inflammation, and relieving pain. The root and stem of plants are the main medicinal parts, containing various alkaloid components, among which acetyl violet spirit has a higher content.
The extraction process usually uses alcohol solvents (such as methanol and ethanol) for extraction, combined with acid-base adjustment to achieve the enrichment of alkaloids. Common separation and purification methods include liquid-liquid extraction, column chromatography (silica gel, C18 reverse phase column), and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) techniques. In recent years, ultrasound assisted extraction and microwave-assisted extraction techniques have been applied to improve the extraction efficiency and purity of acetyl violet spirit. The purified acetyl violet spirit was subjected to structural identification and purity confirmation by mass spectrometry, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and infrared spectroscopy (IR).
The anti-inflammatory activity of acetyl violet spirit was one of its earliest pharmacological properties that received attention. Both in vitro and in vivo studies have shown that it can significantly inhibit the production of inflammatory mediators, such as tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF - α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and nitric oxide (NO). Its mechanism of action involves inhibiting the activation of the nuclear factor kappa B (NF - κ B) signaling pathway, reducing the transcriptional expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, and thereby alleviating the inflammatory response.
In a mouse experimental liver injury model, acetyl violet spirit significantly reduced liver cell damage by reducing inflammatory cell infiltration and oxidative stress levels in liver tissue, demonstrating good liver protective effects. This provides experimental evidence for its potential application in hepatitis and other inflammation related liver diseases.
The research on acetyl violet spirit in the field of neurodegenerative diseases is gradually increasing. It inhibits neuronal apoptosis and protects dopaminergic neurons from damage by regulating the expression of the apoptosis related gene Egl-1. This mechanism is of great significance for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's disease.
In addition, acetyl purple violet spirit can increase the expression of proteasome subunit rpn5, enhance proteasome activity, help clear abnormal protein aggregation, and alleviate neuronal stress response. This multi-target regulatory property makes it a natural drug candidate molecule with potential neuroprotective effects.
Acetyl violet spirit exhibits potent immunosuppressive activity by blocking the maturation and function of dendritic cells (DCs). Dendritic cells, as antigen-presenting cells, play a crucial role in initiating and regulating immune responses. Acetyl violet spirit inhibits the expression of surface co stimulatory molecules and cytokine secretion in DCs, reducing their ability to activate T cells and thus suppressing excessive immune responses.
This characteristic makes acetyl violet spirit have potential application value in immune regulation of autoimmune diseases, transplant rejection reactions, and inflammatory diseases.
Acetyl violet violet spirit interacts with various neurotransmitter receptors and transporters such as ABCB1 (P-glycoprotein), SIGMAR1 (σ -1 receptor), DRD1 (dopamine D1 receptor), ADRA1A (α 1A adrenergic receptor), and DRD5 (dopamine D5 receptor), suggesting that it may affect neurotransmitter balance and signal transduction in the central nervous system. These targets are closely related to drug dependence and addiction mechanisms, indicating the exploratory potential of acetyl violet spirit in the prevention and treatment of drug dependence.
The multi-target mechanism of action of acetyl violet violet spirit is the basis of its complex pharmacological activity. Its main targets and mechanisms include:
Anti inflammatory mechanism By inhibiting the NF - κ B signaling pathway, reducing the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF - α and IL-6, and lowering the inflammatory response. This mechanism plays a protective role in liver injury and other inflammation related diseases.
Anti apoptotic mechanism Regulating the expression of Egl-1 gene, inhibiting the apoptotic pathway, and protecting nerve cells from damage, especially in Parkinson's disease models.
Enhanced proteasome activity By upregulating the expression of the proteasome subunit rpn5, proteasome function is enhanced, abnormal protein degradation is promoted, and cellular stress is alleviated.
Immunosuppressive mechanism Blocking the maturation of dendritic cells, inhibiting their antigen presentation function, reducing T cell activation, and exerting immunosuppressive effects.
Neurotransmitter regulation Interacting with targets such as dopamine receptors (DRD1, DRD5), adrenergic receptors (ADRA1A), and σ -1 receptors (SIGMAR1) to regulate neurotransmitter signals, it may affect drug dependence and neuropsychiatric disorders.
Transmembrane transporter regulation Acting on ABCB1, it may affect the absorption, distribution, and excretion of drugs, as well as affect pharmacokinetics and drug resistance.
These multidimensional mechanisms of action together form a complex pharmacological network of acetyl violet spirit, providing theoretical support for its therapeutic potential for various diseases.
The pharmacological parameters of Acetyl Violet Spirit indicate that it has certain potential for drug development. The molecular weight of 409.43 conforms to Lipinski's rule, and a LogP value of 2.5 indicates moderate lipid solubility, which is beneficial for cell membrane permeability. The TPSA is 99.19 Å ², which is slightly higher but still within an acceptable range, indicating that its oral bioavailability may be good.
However, the blood-brain barrier penetration ability of Acetyl Violet Spirit has been evaluated as low, which may limit its ability to directly act on the central nervous system. However, its effects in neurological diseases such as Parkinson's disease may be achieved through indirect mechanisms or metabolites.
At present, there is insufficient safety data on the hepatotoxicity, cardiotoxicity (including hERG channel inhibition), and genotoxicity (Ames test) of acetyl violet spirit, and a systematic toxicological evaluation is needed. In addition, its pharmacokinetic characteristics such as absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) have not been fully elucidated, and future research should focus on its in vivo metabolic pathways and the activity and safety of metabolites.
Acetyl violet spirit, as a natural alkaloid with multiple pharmacological activities, has shown broad prospects in clinical applications. Its anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects provide potential novel therapeutic strategies for autoimmune diseases, inflammatory diseases, and transplant rejection reactions. Especially in the field of immunosuppression, acetyl violet spirit may become a safe and effective immunosuppressant by inhibiting dendritic cell function.
In the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's disease, acetylated purple violet can enhance anti apoptosis and proteasome function, which may delay the process of neuronal damage and improve clinical symptoms. In addition, its interaction with drug dependence related targets suggests its potential value in withdrawal and dependence treatment.
However, the clinical translation of acetyl violet spirit still faces many challenges, including incomplete safety evaluation, unclear pharmacokinetic characteristics, formulation development, and clinical trial design. Future research should strengthen its in vivo metabolism and toxicology studies, optimize extraction and purification processes, conduct systematic pharmacological and pharmacokinetic studies, and promote its transition from laboratory to clinical applications.
In addition, based on the chemical modification and derivative design of acetyl violet spirit structure, combined with modern drug screening techniques, it is expected to develop more active and better pharmacokinetic candidate drugs.
Acetyl violet spirit, as a benzophenanthridine alkaloid derived from Corydalis bungeana, has become a hot topic in natural product pharmacology research due to its significant anti-inflammatory, immune regulatory, and neuroprotective effects. Its multi-target and multi mechanism pharmacological properties provide new ideas and potential drug candidate molecules for the treatment of various diseases.
Although some progress has been made in the research of acetyl violet spirit, its safety, pharmacokinetics, and clinical applicability still need to be further explored. In the future, we should strengthen the combination of basic research and clinical translation, promote the development of acetyl violet spirit into a new drug, and contribute to the development of natural product pharmacology and modern medicine.
