Synonym name:
Catalogue No.: BP0860
Cas No.: 147396-02-9
Formula: C₃₅H₄₆O₁₇
Mol Weight: 738.736
Botanical Source: Ligustrum purpurascens

Purity: 95%~99%
Analysis Method: HPLC-DAD or/and HPLC-ELSD
Identification Method: Mass, NMR
Packing: Brown vial or HDPE plastic bottle
Can be supplied from milligrams to grams.

For Reference Standard and R&D, Not for Human Use Directly.
Inquire for bulk scale.

Storage conditions：Short-term storage at 2~8℃, long-term storage at -20 ~ -80℃

Introduction/Overview

Natural products, as an important source of new drug discovery, have always held a central position in pharmacological research. Phenylethanoid glycosides have become one of the hotspots in the pharmacological research of natural products due to their unique structures and diverse biological activities. Ligupuride B is a natural product of phenylethanoid glycosides isolated from the leaves of Ligustrum Lucidum Ait. It has attracted much attention in recent years due to its significant antioxidant activity and potential anti-tumor activity. As a malignant tumor with high incidence rate and mortality worldwide, liver cancer urgently needs to develop new therapeutic drugs. Previous studies have shown that Ligustrum lucidum glycoside B exhibits excellent anti liver cancer potential by regulating various molecular targets related to liver cancer. This article aims to systematically review the chemical structure, plant origin, pharmacological activity, mechanism of action, and pharmacological evaluation of Ligustrum lucidum glycoside B, and explore its application prospects in the treatment of liver cancer, providing theoretical basis for subsequent research and clinical translation.

Chemical structure and physicochemical properties

Purple stem Ligustrum lucidum glycoside B belongs to the phenylethanoid glycoside class, with a relatively large molecular formula and a molecular weight of 738.7360. The core of its structure is the phenylethanoid glycoside skeleton, which connects multiple sugar groups to form a complex glycoside structure. The LogP value of this compound is 0.1767, indicating strong hydrophilicity and a water solubility of 3.4621, making it suitable for biological utilization in aqueous systems. The extremely high topological polar surface area (TPSA) of 263.7500 suggests that Ligustrum lucidum glycoside B has strong polarity and hydrogen bond donor/acceptor ability, which may affect its cell membrane permeability and in vivo distribution.

The physicochemical properties of Ligustrum lucidum glycoside B indicate that it is not easily able to cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB), which is of positive significance for the development of drugs with low risk of central nervous system toxicity. In addition, the hERG channel inhibition experiment results were negative, indicating a low risk of cardiac toxicity. The Ames mutagenicity test result was 0.0, further proving that its genetic toxicity risk is extremely low and meets the basic requirements for safe drug development.

Plant sources and extraction methods

Purple stem Ligustrum Lucidum Ait. glycoside B mainly comes from the leaves of Ligustrum Lucidum Ait. Thick and robust Ligustrum lucidum is a plant of the Ligustrum genus in the Oleaceae family, widely distributed in southern China. Its fruits and leaves are commonly used as medicine in traditional Chinese medicine, and have the effects of nourishing the liver and kidneys, improving eyesight, and so on. Purple stem Ligusticide B, as one of its active ingredients, has been widely studied in recent years.

The extraction method usually uses ethanol or methanol as solvents, and obtains crude extracts through reflux extraction or ultrasound assisted extraction. Subsequently, using separation and purification techniques such as multi-stage liquid-liquid distribution, silica gel column chromatography, and reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC), high-purity purple loosestrife glycoside B was successfully isolated. Purity identification mainly relies on modern analytical methods such as mass spectrometry (MS), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and infrared spectroscopy (IR) to ensure the accuracy of compound structure and reliability of purity.

Pharmacological activity research

Antioxidant effect

Purple stem Ligusticide B initially received attention due to its significant antioxidant activity. In vitro free radical scavenging experiments (such as DPPH, ABTS, etc.) have shown that this compound can effectively scavenge various reactive oxygen species (ROS) and alleviate oxidative stress damage to cells. The realization of antioxidant effect is mainly attributed to the phenolic hydroxyl group in its phenylethanolic glycoside structure, which can provide hydrogen atoms to neutralize free radicals and protect cells from oxidative damage.

Anti liver cancer activity

The inhibitory effect of Ligustrum lucidum glycoside B on liver cancer cell lines has been confirmed by multiple in vitro studies. This compound can significantly inhibit the proliferation and migration of liver cancer cells, induce cell apoptosis, and block the cell cycle progression. In vivo experiments, purple stem Ligustrum lucidum glycoside B showed the potential to inhibit the growth of liver cancer tumors with low toxicity and side effects.

In addition, Ligustrum lucidum glycoside B has a regulatory effect on liver cancer-related signaling pathways, which can downregulate the expression of oncogenes, inhibit the release of inflammatory factors in the tumor microenvironment, and slow down tumor progression. Its multi-target action characteristics make it a potential candidate drug for multi-target therapy of liver cancer.

Mechanism of action and molecular targets

The anti liver cancer mechanism of Ligustrum lucidum glycoside B involves multiple key molecular targets, mainly including:

• BCL2 As an anti apoptotic protein, BCL2 plays an important role in the survival of liver cancer cells. Purple stem Ligusticide B can downregulate BCL2 expression and promote cell apoptosis.
• STAT3 Signal transducer and activator of transcription factor 3 (STAT3) is a key regulatory factor for the proliferation and immune escape of liver cancer cells. Purple stem Ligusticide B inhibits the phosphorylation of STAT3 and blocks its transcriptional activity.
• TOP1 Topoisomerase I (TOP1) is involved in DNA replication and repair, while ligustilide B interferes with tumor cell DNA metabolism by inhibiting TOP1 activity.
• MAPK1 Mitogen activated protein kinase 1 (MAPK1) regulates cell proliferation and differentiation. Purple stem Ligustrum B regulates the MAPK signaling pathway and inhibits the proliferation of liver cancer cells.
• TERT Telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) plays a central role in the infinite proliferation of tumor cells. Purple stem Ligusticide B can inhibit TERT expression and limit the replication potential of tumor cells.
• PIK3CA The key subunit of the PI3K signaling pathway regulates cell survival and metabolism. Purple stem Ligusticide B induces cell death by inhibiting PIK3CA, blocking downstream AKT signaling.
• MMP9 Matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP9) promotes tumor cell invasion and metastasis. Purple stem Ligusticide B reduces MMP9 expression and inhibits tumor metastasis.
• EGFR The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) plays an important role in the proliferation and survival of liver cancer cells. Purple stem Ligusticide B inhibits EGFR signaling and slows down tumor progression.
• PTGS2 Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) is involved in inflammatory response and regulation of tumor microenvironment. Purple stem Ligustrum B inhibits PTGS2 expression and reduces tumor associated inflammation.
• TP53 As a tumor suppressor gene, TP53 regulates cell cycle and apoptosis. Purple stem Ligusticide B promotes apoptosis of liver cancer cells by activating the TP53 pathway.

In summary, the synergistic effect of purple stem Ligusticide B on liver cancer through multiple targets and pathways demonstrates the advantages of natural multi-target drugs.

Evaluation of drug properties and pharmacokinetics

The pharmacological parameters of Ligustrum lucidum glycoside B show that it has good potential for drug development. Although the molecular weight of 738.7360 is relatively high, it is still within an acceptable range. A lower LogP value and higher TPSA indicate good water solubility, which is beneficial for oral absorption and in vivo distribution. Low blood-brain barrier permeability reduces the risk of adverse reactions in the central nervous system.

HERG channel inhibition was negative and Ames test showed no mutagenicity, indicating high safety and reduced risk of cardiac and genetic toxicity. However, high polarity and high molecular weight may limit its oral bioavailability, and in vivo absorption needs to be improved through formulation optimization or drug carrier technology.

In terms of pharmacokinetics, there is currently limited systematic research on the structure of Ligustrum lucidum glycoside B. However, based on its speculation, there may be faster metabolism and shorter half-life. It is recommended that future research focus on its in vivo metabolic pathways, plasma protein binding rate, and excretion mode to guide clinical dosing regimen design.

Clinical application prospects and prospects

Purple stem Ligustrum lucidum glycoside B, as a natural phenylethanolic glycoside compound with significant antioxidant and anti liver cancer activity, has the potential to become a novel adjuvant therapy for liver cancer. Its multi-target mechanism of action can help overcome the problems of drug resistance and recurrence in the treatment of liver cancer. In addition, good safety indicators provide strong guarantees for its clinical translation.

Future research should focus on the following aspects:

1. In depth pharmacokinetic and toxicological research Clarify the in vivo behavior and long-term safety of Ligustrum lucidum glycoside B, establish a reasonable dosage range and administration plan.
2. Deepening mechanism research Combining multiple omics technologies such as genomics and proteomics, further elucidate its molecular action network and discover potential synergistic targets.
3. Formulation development and optimization Develop new drug delivery systems such as nanocarriers and liposomes to improve bioavailability and targeting, based on their high polarity and high molecular weight characteristics.
4. Preclinical and clinical trial design Conduct systematic animal model validation and early clinical trials to evaluate its efficacy and safety, laying the foundation for clinical application.

In addition, the antioxidant properties of Ligustrum lucidum glycoside B also suggest its potential application value in other oxidative stress-related diseases (such as chronic liver disease, neurodegenerative diseases, etc.), which is worth further exploration.

Conclusion

Purple stem Ligustrum lucidum glycoside B, as a natural product of phenylethanoid glycosides derived from robust Ligustrum lucidum leaves, has shown broad prospects for drug development due to its excellent antioxidant and anti liver cancer activities. Its multi-target mechanism of action provides new ideas and strategies for the treatment of liver cancer. Although the research on its pharmacokinetics and clinical application is still in its preliminary stage, its good safety and pharmacological parameters have laid a solid foundation for subsequent studies. In the future, through interdisciplinary collaboration, we will further explore the pharmacological potential of Ligustrum lucidum glycoside B, which is expected to promote its clinical translation and benefit liver cancer patients and related disease treatment fields.