1、
This product is the dried stem of Dendrobium officinale Kimura et Migo, an orchid plant. Harvest from November to next March, remove impurities, cut off some fibrous roots, twist them into spiral or spring shape while heating, and dry them; Or cut into sections and dry or dry at low temperature. The former is often called "Maple bowl" (Dendrobium officinale); The latter is often called "Dendrobium officinale".
[properties] this product is spiral or spring-shaped, usually with 2-6 spiral lines. The stem is 3.5-8cm long and 0.2-0.4cm in diameter after straightening. The surface is yellowish green or slightly golden yellow, with fine longitudinal wrinkles, obvious nodes, and sometimes residual gray white leaf sheaths can be seen on the nodes; Short fibrous roots left at the base of the stem can be seen at one end. . .
Dendrobium officinale is a cylindrical segment with different lengths.
[identification] (1) cross section of this product: 1 column of epidermal cells, flat, slightly thickened and slightly lignified outer and side walls, covered with yellow cuticle, and some outer layers can be seen with leaf sheath layer composed of colorless parenchyma cells. The basic parenchyma cells are polygonal, similar in size, scattered in most vascular bundles, slightly arranged in 4-5 circles. The vascular bundles are outer tough, and thick walled fiber bundles are arranged in the periphery. Some outer small parenchyma cells contain silicon blocks. Mucus cells containing calcium oxalate needle crystal bundles were mostly found near the epidermis.
(2) Take 1g of this product powder, add 15ml of trichloromethane methanol (9:1) mixed solution, sonicate for 20 minutes, filter, and use the filtrate as the test solution. Another 1g of Dendrobium officinale reference medicinal material was prepared by the same method to make the reference medicinal material solution. According to the test of thin-layer chromatography (general rule 0502), 2 ～ 5 μ l of each of the above two solutions were pipetted, respectively spotted on the same silica gel G thin-layer plate, developed with toluene ethyl formate formic acid (6:3:1), taken out, dried, sprayed with 10% sulfuric acid ethanol solution, heated at 95 ℃ for about 3 minutes, and examined under ultraviolet light (365nm). In the chromatogram of the test sample, fluorescent spots of the same color appear at the position corresponding to the chromatogram of the control medicinal material.
. Accurately suck 0.4ml and determine according to the method under mannose. In the chromatogram of the test article, the peak area ratio of mannose to glucose should be 2.4 ~ 8.0.
The moisture content shall not exceed 12.0% (the second method of general rule 0832).
The total ash content shall not exceed 6.0% (general rule 2302).
[extract] according to the hot leaching method under the determination method of alcohol soluble extract (general rule 2201), the use of ethanol as solvent shall not be less than 6.5%.
[content determination] preparation of polysaccharide reference solution take an appropriate amount of anhydrous glucose reference, weigh accurately, add water to make a solution containing 90 μ g per 1ml. Preparation of standard curve accurately measure 0.2ml, 0.4ml, 0.6ml, 0.8ml, 1.0ml of the reference solution, put them into 10ml plugged test tubes, add water to 1.0ml each, precisely add 1ml of 5% phenol solution (prepared temporarily), shake well, and then precisely add 5ml of sulfuric acid, shake well, heat them in a boiling water bath for 20 minutes, take them out, and put them in an ice bath
Cool for 5 minutes, take the corresponding reagent as blank, measure the absorbance at the wavelength of 488nm according to the UV visible spectrophotometry (general rule 0401), and draw the standard curve with the absorbance as the ordinate and the concentration as the abscissa.
Preparation of test solution take about 0.3g of powder (passing through No. 3 screen), weigh accurately, add 200ml of water, heat and reflux for 2 hours, cool, transfer to a 250ml volumetric flask, wash the container with a small amount of water for several times, combine the washing solution into the same volumetric flask, add water to the scale, shake well, filter, accurately measure 2ml of continuous filtrate, place in a 15ml centrifuge tube, precisely add 10ml of absolute ethanol, shake well, refrigerate for 1 hour, take out, centrifuge (rotating speed is 4000 rpm) for 20 minutes, and discard the supernatant (filter if necessary
The precipitate was washed twice with 80% ethanol, 8ml each time, centrifuged, the supernatant was discarded, the precipitate was dissolved in heated water, transferred to a 25ml volumetric flask, cooled, added water to the scale, and shaken evenly.
Determination method precisely measure 1ml of the test solution, place it in a 10ml plugged test tube, according to the method under the preparation of the standard curve, measure the absorbance according to the law from "precisely add 1ml of 5% phenol solution", read the amount of anhydrous glucose in the test solution from the standard curve, and calculate.
This product is calculated as dry product, and the content of Dendrobium officinale polysaccharide is calculated as anhydrous glucose (C6H12O6), which shall not be less than 25.0%.
Mannose was determined by HPLC (general rule 0512).
Chromatographic conditions and system suitability test octadecylsilane bonded silica gel was used as filler; The mobile phase was acetonitrile-0.02mol/l ammonium acetate solution (20:80); The detection wavelength is 250nm. The number of theoretical plates should not be less than 4000 according to the mannose peak.
. In addition, take about 10mg of mannose reference substance, accurately weigh it, place it in a 100ml volumetric flask, precisely add 1ml of internal standard solution, add appropriate amount of water to dissolve and dilute it to the scale, shake well, suck 400 μ L, add 0.5mol/l of PMP (1-phenyl-3-methyl-5-pyrazolone) methanol solution and 400 μ l of 0.3mol/l of sodium hydroxide solution, mix well, and react in a 70 ℃ water bath for 100 minutes. Add 500 μ l of 0.3mol/l hydrochloric acid solution, mix well, wash with trichloromethane three times, 2ml each time, discard the trichloromethane solution, after centrifugation of the aqueous layer, take 10 μ l of the supernatant, inject it into the liquid chromatograph, determine and calculate the correction factor.
Determination method take about 0.12g of the product powder (passing through No. 3 screen), accurately weigh it, put it into Soxhlet extractor, add an appropriate amount of 80% ethanol, heat it for reflux extraction for 4 hours, discard the ethanol solution, submerge the drug to volatilize the ethanol, disassemble the filter paper cylinder and place it in a beaker, add 100ml of water, then add 2ml of internal standard solution precisely, decoct for hours and stir constantly, cool it, add water to about 100ml, mix well, centrifuge, absorb 1ml of supernatant, put it into ampoule bottle or headspace bottle, add 0.5ml of hydrochloric acid solution of 3.0mol/l, seal it, mix well, hydrolyze at 110 ℃ for 1 hour, cool it, use 3.0mol/l l of sodium hydroxide solution to adjust the pH value to neutral, suck 400 μ L, according to the correction factor determination method, operate according to the law from "adding 0.5mol/l of PMP methanol solution", take the supernatant and inject it into the liquid chromatograph for determination.
According to the dry product, the mannose (C6H12O6) content of this product should be 13.0% - 38.0%.
[nature, taste and meridian tropism] sweet, slightly cold. Return to stomach and kidney channels.
[functions and indications] it can benefit the stomach, generate fluid, nourish yin and clear away heat. It is used for fever and body injury, dry mouth and thirst, lack of stomach yin, less food and retching, persistent deficiency heat after illness, excessive Yin deficiency and fire, bone steaming and heat exhaustion, unclear eyesight, muscle and bone flaccidity.
[usage and dosage] 6 ～ 12g.
[storage] store in a ventilated and dry place to prevent moisture.


2、 Chemical constituents of Dendrobium officinale

Using a variety of chromatographic methods, 72 monomer compounds were isolated from Dendrobium officinale, 63 were identified by modern spectral technology, and 18 new compounds were found. The structure types of the obtained compounds are as follows, a total of 27 benzene and its derivatives: dendrobin a, dendrobin B, dendrobin C, dendrobin D, dendrobin e, dendrobin F, dendrobin g, dendrobin h, dendrobin I, dendrobin J, dendrobin K, dendrobin L, dendrobin dendrobin m, dendrobin n, dendrobin o, dendrobin P, dendrobin Q, 4,4 ′ - dihydroxy-3,5-dimethoxybibenzyl, 3,4-dihydroxy-5,4 ′ - dimethoxybibenzyl, 3 ′ - hydroxy-3,4,5 ′ - trimethoxybibenzyl, 4,4 ′ - dihydroxy-3,3 ′, 5-trimethoxybibenzyl, 3,4 ′ - dihydroxy-5-methoxybibenzyl, 3 ′, 4-dihydroxy-3,5 '- dimethoxybiphenyl, dihydroresveratrol, dendromoniliside E，denbinobin， 2,4,, 7-trihydroxy-9,10-dihydrophenanthrene.

Twelve phenolic compounds: n-p-coumaroyl tyramine, trans-n - (4-hydroxyphenethyl) ferulic acid amide, dihydroconiferyl dihydro-p-hydroxycinnamate, dihydroferulic acid tyramine, p-hydroxyphenylpropionyl tyramine,Butyric acid，Eugenol，Vanillic acid，p-hydroxyphenylpropionic acid , p-hydroxycinnamic acid,Ferulic acid，P-hydroxybenzoic acid。

Four lignans: (+) - syringin-o - β - d-glucopyranoside, icariolA_2-4-O-β-D-glucopyranoside，(+)-lyoniresinol-3a-O-β-D-glucopyranoside， And schizophrenic Larch alcohol.
There are two lactone compounds: hook dendrobin and digitalis lactone.

Two dihydroflavonoids:NaringeninAnd 3 ', 5,5', 7-tetrahydroxydihydroflavone.

16 other compounds: dendrobin R, ergeside II, adenosine, uridine, sucrose, 5-hydroxymethylfurfural, koaburaside， Octadecyl trans ferulate, triacyl p-hydroxy trans cinnamate, triacyl p-hydroxy CIS cinnamate,Carotene，β - sitosterol, hexadecanoic acid, heptadecane, tridecanol, and heptadecanoic acid.

The 18 new compounds were: dendrobin a, B, C, D, e, F, G, h, I, J, K, l, m, m, N, O, P, Q, and N R.

3、 Pharmacological effects of Dendrobium officinale

1. syndrome of deficiency of stomach yin and injury of body fluid by heat disease: Dendrobium officinale is good at nourishing stomach yin, generating body fluid to quench thirst, and clearing stomach heat. It is mainly used for the treatment of fever, thirst, dry tongue and dark fur. It is often used with trichosanthin, fresh earth, Ophiopogon japonicus and other products. It can be used with radix rehmanniae, Radix Ophiopogonis, Radix Scutellariae and other products to treat epigastric pain, gingival swelling and sore mouth and tongue due to stomach heat and yin deficiency.

2. kidney yin deficiency syndrome: Dendrobium officinale can nourish kidney yin and reduce deficiency fire. It is suitable for kidney yin deficiency with unclear eyes, flaccid muscles and bones, yin deficiency with excessive fire, bone steaming and heat exhaustion. It is often used with Lycium barbarum, Rehmannia glutinosa, Cuscuta chinensis and other products for patients with kidney yin deficiency and unclear vision. It is advisable to use it with Rehmannia glutinosa, Lycium barbarum, Phellodendron amurense, Rhizoma Coptidis and other products to nourish kidney yin and reduce deficiency heat.

3. immune regulation: Dendrobium polysaccharides can promote humoral immunity, cellular immunity and induce a variety of cytokines, with immune enhancing effect. Dendrobium officinale polysaccharide can significantly increase the number of white blood cells and promote the production of migration inhibitory factors by lymphocytes, and effectively eliminate the side effects caused by the addition of immunosuppressant cyclophosphamide under experimental conditions. .