1、 Pharmacopoeia standard of Rhizoma Curcumae
This product is the dried root lotus of Curcuma phaeocaulis val., Curcuma kwangsiensis s.g.lee et c.f.liang or Curcuma wenyujin y.h.chen et c.ling. The latter is often called "Curcuma aromatica". After the stems and leaves wither in winter, they are dug, washed, steamed or boiled to the core, and dried in the sun or at low temperature to remove fibrous roots and impurities.
[properties] Curcuma Curcuma is oval, long oval, cone-shaped or long spindle shaped, with a blunt tip at the top, a blunt base, 2-8cm long and 1.5-4cm in diameter. The surface is grayish yellow to grayish brown, the upper part is protuberant, with round concave fibrous root marks or residual fibrous roots, some have a row of depressed bud marks and quasi circular lateral rhizome marks on both sides, and some can see knife cutting marks. It is heavy and solid, with grayish brown to bluish Brown section, waxy, often with grayish brown powder, and the cortex is easy to be separated from the middle column, and the endothelial layer is brownish brown. .
Curcuma kwangsiensis link is slightly protuberant, the section is yellowish brown to brown, often with yellowish powder, and the inner layer is yellow white.
Curcuma wenzedoaria section is yellowish brown to brownish brown, often with light yellow to yellowish brown powder. Fragrant or slightly fragrant.
[identification] (1) cross section of this product: cork cell sequence, sometimes the cortex has been removed and scattered leaf trace vascular bundles; The endothelial layer was evident. The middle column is wide, and the outer vascular bundle is tough and scattered. The vascular bundles along the sheath of the middle column are smaller and densely arranged. Parenchyma cells were filled with gelatinized starch granules and clumps, and cells containing golden yellow oil were scattered in parenchyma. Powder yellow or brownish yellow. Most of the oil cells are broken, and the intact ones are 62-110 μ m in diameter, containing yellow oily secretions. . The fiber pore groove is obvious, with a diameter of 15 ～ 35 μ M. Starch granules are mostly gelatinized.
(2) Take 0.5g of this product powder, put it into a plugged centrifuge tube, add 10ml of petroleum ether (30 ～ 60 ℃), sonicate for 20 minutes, filter, volatilize the filtrate, add 1ml of absolute ethanol to dissolve the residue as the test solution. In addition, geminone reference substance was added with absolute ethanol to make a solution containing 0.4mg per 1ml as the reference substance solution. According to the test of thin-layer chromatography (general rule 0502), suck 10 μ l of each of the above two solutions, dot them on the same silica gel G thin-layer plate, use petroleum ether (30 ～ 60 ℃) - acetone ethyl acetate (94:5:1) as the developing agent, develop, take out, dry, spray 1% vanillin sulfuric acid solution, heat at 105 ℃ until the spots are clear. In the chromatogram of the test sample, spots with the same color appear at the corresponding position of the chromatogram of the control sample.
[inspection] the absorbance is 30mg of the powder in this product, accurately weighed, placed in a corked Erlenmeyer flask, add 10ml of chloroform, sonicate for 40 minutes or soak for 24 hours, filter, transfer the filtrate to a 10ml volumetric flask, add chloroform to the scale, shake well, measure according to the UV visible spectrophotometry (general rule 0401), there is maximum absorption at 242nm wavelength, and the absorbance shall not be less than 0.45.
The moisture content shall not exceed 14.0% (the fourth method of general rule 0832).
The total ash content shall not exceed 7.0% (general rule 2302).
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[extract] according to the hot leaching method under the alcohol soluble extract determination method (general rule 2201), using dilute ethanol as solvent, it shall not be less than 7.0%.
[content determination] determine according to the volatile oil determination method (general rule 2204).
The volatile oil content of this product shall not be less than 1.5% (ml/g).
Decoction pieces
[processing] zedoary turmeric is used to remove impurities, slightly bubble, wash, steam soft, cut into thick pieces, and dry. This product is a thick round or oval shaped piece. The outer skin is grayish yellow or grayish brown, and sometimes links or fibrous root marks can be seen. The cut surface is yellowish green, yellowish brown or brownish brown, and the inner layer has obvious rings, scattered in "tendons and veins". .
[content determination] the content of volatile oil in the same medicinal material shall not be less than 1.0% (ml/g).
[identification] (except the cross-sectional surface) [inspection] [extract] is the same as that of medicinal materials.
Clear zedoary Curcuma with vinegar, cook it according to the vinegar cooking method (general rule 0213) until it is transparent, take it out, cool it slightly, cut into thick pieces, and dry it. This product is shaped like zedoary turmeric tablets, with deep color, horny appearance and slight vinegar aroma.
[content determination] the content of volatile oil in the same medicinal material shall not be less than 1.0% (ml/g).
[identification] (except the cross-sectional surface) [inspection] [extract] is the same as that of medicinal materials.
[nature, taste and meridian tropism] pungent, bitter and warm. Return to the liver and spleen meridians.
. It is used for symptomatic scrofula, blood stasis, menstrual closure, chest congestion, heartache, and flatulence.
[usage and dosage] 6 ～ 9g.
[note] it is forbidden for pregnant women.
[storage] store in a dry place to prevent moths.

2、 Chemical constituents of Rhizoma Curcumae

1. the rhizome of Curcuma contains volatile oil. The main component of the oil is curcumin furanones accounting for 44.93%, borneol（Borneol）It accounted for 4.28%, and macropinacone accounted for 6.16%, which also contained α-PineneAnd β - pinene, camphorene, limonene, l， 8- according to Folin, Terpinene, isoborneol, syringene, curcumene, syringene epoxide), gingerone, aromatiflavone,Curdioneas well asCurcumenol，IsocurcumenolEt al. It also contains difuran curcuminone and Curcumol. It also contains curcumin compounds with antioxidant activity.

2. the rhizome of Curcuma kwangsiensis contains volatile oil, and the main components of the oil areBorneolIt accounted for 11.33%, curcumofuranone accounted for 9.92%, dauricinone accounted for 7.0%,Curcumol,Eugenol, curcumene, gingerone, aromatiflavone,Curdioneas well asLinalool， β - and δ elemene, humulene, azulene,IsocurcumenolEt al. It also contains Curcuma aromatica lactone,β - sitosterol，Carotene，palmitic acid, and trace elements such as zinc, iron, titanium, nickel, barium, strontium, lead, cadmium, copper, chromium and aluminum.

3. the rhizome of Curcuma wenyujin contains volatile oil, and the main component of the oil is dauricinone, accounting for 20.35%,CurdioneAccounting for 14.76%,CurcumolAccounting for 7.66%, it also contains α - and β - pinene, camphorene, limonene, 1,8-cineole,Borneol. In addition, it contains curcumin terpenol, curcumin diene, (1R, 10R) - epoxy-levo-l, 10 dihydrocurcumone, (4S, 5S) macropinone 4, 5-epoxide, curcumin bicyclone, (is, 10s), (4S, 5S) macropinone-1 (10), 4-bicyclic oxide, curcumin spironolactone,curcumin，Demethoxycurcumin，Didemethoxycurcumin，β - sitosterol。

3、

1. anti tumor effect:

Zedoary turmeric oil preparation can significantly inhibit and destroy the growth of a variety of tumor strains in vitro, such as Ehrlich ascites cancer cells in mice, L615 leukemia and ascites liver cancer cells in 615 pure line mice. Mice were intraperitoneally injected with 0.3-0.5ml of 100% ACOR injection for sarcoma S180. It has good curative effect, and the tumor inhibition rate is more than 50%. Curcumol and curdione, monomers obtained from the volatile oil of curcuma zedoary turmeric, when injected subcutaneously at 75mg/kg, had high inhibitory rates on sarcoma S37, cervical cancer U14, and Ehrlich ascites carcinoma (ECA) in mice. When the tumor was significantly reduced, it could be seen that the fibrocytes around the tumor tissue increased, and a layer of lymphocytes, phagocytes surrounded the tumor cells and other immune reactions appeared. Under the electron microscope, the tumor cells in the treatment group showed a decrease in the proportion of nucleoplasm, a trend towards normal nuclear shape, and a decrease in the number of chromatin, nucleoli, and interchromatin granules. Therefore, it is believed that Curcuma zedoaria has an inhibitory effect on the nuclear metabolism of mouse sarcoma. In vitro tests showed that Curcumol and curdione could significantly destroy Ehrlich ascites cancer cells and make them degenerate and necrotic. Zedoary turmeric oil injection at different concentrations has obvious direct destructive effect on tumor cells, which has the characteristics of fast and strong effect. The more tumor cells, the greater the concentration of drug solution required to kill 90% of tumor cells. . Curcuma oil was used as intratumoral injection in the treatment of cervical cancer. After treatment, tumor tissue necrosis and shedding, local lymphocyte infiltration, mass disappearance in some cases, and smooth cervix suggested that curcuma oil had a direct tumor killing effect.

In the pathological section, there are dense small lymphocytes surrounding the cancer cells, a large number of sinus cell tissue proliferation in the lymphoid sinus, and the lymphocytes in the blood are significantly elevated, which all suggest that there is an obvious immune response in the host in the effective cases. The principle of anticancer effect of curcuma zedoary turmeric oil can not only directly kill tumors, but also enhance the immunogenicity of tumor cells, thus inducing or promoting the immune rejection of the body to tumors. Experiments have proved that the ECA and L615 treated with curcuma zedoary turmeric. Active immunization with tumor vaccines can indeed achieve significant protective effects in some animals. Further studies have proved that the active immune protective effect of Curcuma L615 tumor strain has certain specificity, because animals immunized with curcuma L615 tumor cannot produce cross immune protective effect against l795 (a new sarcoma leukemia strain of 615 strain mice). Some animals immunized with curcuma zedoary turmeric tumor vaccine, which had obvious immunity to L615, died of 3 × 10 l759 tumor cells although they could tolerate multiple attacks of 10 (-3) × 10 L615 cells. And this immune protective effect has a certain stability. Once established, it can maintain for a long time (10-13 months), but it cannot be transmitted to the offspring, because the vast majority of its offspring (93 / 94) cannot tolerate the attack of 105-3 × 105 L615 cells, all of them develop typical L615, leukemia and die, and the average survival time has not been extended, indicating that this immune protective effect of the parent is acquired and cannot be transmitted to the offspring. The radiosensitizing effect of zedoary turmeric oil on lung adenocarcinoma (la-795) was observed in pure female t-739 mice. The experimental results showed that the intraperitoneal injection of zedoary turmeric oil plus irradiation group had a significant tumor growth retardation effect than the simple irradiation group, which could increase the radiotherapy effect by 42%, reaching a moderate sensitization effect.

2. anti early pregnancy effect:

. Zedoary turmeric oil has the most significant anti pregnancy effect. Xiaolan intraperitoneal injection and subcutaneous injection of 600-900mg / kg zedoary oil have anti implantation and anti early pregnancy effects of 7% - 90%. Rabbits intraperitoneal injection of 80mg/kg zedoary turmeric oil has anti implantation effects of 80%, and vaginal injection of 400mg / kg has anti implantation effects of 100%. Generally, when administered 2-5 days after conception, embryos die, absorb or prevent embryo implantation. However, the administration of volatile oil after 7-10 days of conception can cause abortion or stillbirth. The administration of volatile oil by subcutaneous, intraperitoneal and vaginal administration has certain anti pregnancy effect, but the onset of the drug is not good The effect of intraperitoneal injection was fast, while that of vaginal administration was slow, and the intraperitoneal dose was 5 times less than that of vaginal administration. Intragastric administration of zedoary turmeric decoction has the same anti pregnancy effect in mice. The process of curcuma zedoary turmeric oil stopping pregnancy in mice is to prevent embryo implantation and stop its development. It can be seen that atrophic and degenerated embryo cells are free in the uterine cavity, and some embryo cells die after implantation and are in the process of being absorbed.

3. antibacterial effect: Zedoary Volatile oil can inhibit Staphylococcus aureus in the test tube. Growth of β - hemolytic streptococcus, Escherichia coli, typhoid bacillus, Vibrio cholerae, etc.

4. effect of increasing white blood cells: mice injected intraperitoneally with curcuma oil 10ml / kg and Curcumol 0.3% 10ml / kg for 8 days can significantly resist the decrease of white blood cells caused by cyclophosphamide 150mg / kg injected intraperitoneally, and promote the recovery of white blood cells, suggesting that Curcuma has a certain effect of increasing white blood cells.

5. effect on cardiovascular system: the effect of Curcuma on increasing femoral artery blood flow is most obvious in the drugs for activating blood circulation and removing blood stasis. The peak blood flow increases by 252%. After 10 minutes of treatment, the blood flow increases by 36.0%, and the vascular resistance decreases by 66.4%. The blood stasis patients with thromboangiitis obliterans are treated with curcuma oil injection intravenously. With the improvement of the patient's clinical symptoms, the limb blood flow diagram is also significantly improved.

6. effects on gastrointestinal smooth muscle: in vitro rabbit intestinal test, it was found that low concentration of Curcuma Curcuma increased intestinal tension, while high concentration made intestinal relaxation.

7. liver protection effect: curcuma zedoary alcohol extract and volatile oil can significantly reduce the increase of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) in mice caused by carbon tetrachloride (CCI4) thioacetamide (TAA), reduce the retention of sodium sulfonylbromide (BSP), and reduce the corresponding liver tissue lesions.

8. effect on acute renal failure: rabbits were subcutaneously injected with 15ml / kg of 50% glycerol saline to cause acute renal failure. In the control group, the kidney swelling was increased and purple dark color was visible to the naked eye. The intravital microscope low-power observation showed that more purple dark striped blood vessels were stagnant, and the capillary blood flow was stagnant or slowed down. Curcuma zedoary injection was given intravenously at 4ml / kg per day. After a total of 3 days, no obvious swelling of the kidney was observed to the naked eye, the purple dark color was reduced or returned to normal, and the Striped blood vessels were stagnant and disappeared under the intravital microscope, and the capillary blood flow was accelerated pathological section (FIE) , The tubular pattern in the renal small lumen was very few or disappeared, the blood stasis in the small vessels was reduced or disappeared, and the glomerular capillary lumen was expanded. Generally, rabbits urinate in a sauce red color about 12 hours after glycerol injection, and their urine output is significantly reduced. Some rabbits have no urine, are tired and do not eat, and all die within 24-48 hours. However, the urine output of the curcuma group increases after 24 hours. Although the urine color is also in a sauce red color, the urine color basically returns to light yellow after 48-72 hours, and there is no death.

9. inhibition of platelet aggregation and antithrombotic formation: Rhizoma Curcumae water extract 9.0g/kg/ day was given to rats by gavage for 7 days, which significantly inhibited ADP induced platelet aggregation, significantly reduced blood viscosity, and shortened the electrophoresis time of red blood cells. Its water extract and alcohol precipitation injection 1.13g / kg intravenously also had a very significant inhibitory effect on thrombosis in rats.

10. anti inflammatory effect: 200mg / kg of wenyujin volatile oil by gavage in mice has a very significant inhibitory effect on peritonitis caused by acetic acid, 200mg/kg of wenyujin volatile oil by intraperitoneal injection in mice has a significant inhibitory effect on scalded local edema, 100m/kg of wenyujin volatile oil by intraperitoneal injection has a significant inhibitory effect on ear inflammation caused by croton oil, and 75mg / kg of volatile oil by intraperitoneal injection in rats has a significant inhibitory effect on subcutaneous cotton ball granuloma proliferation after 9 days.