1、 Pharmacopoeia standard of mulberry leaves
This product is the dried leaves of Morus alba L. Harvest after the first frost, remove impurities and dry in the sun.
[properties] this product is often wrinkled and broken. . The upper surface is yellowish green or light yellowish brown, and some have small warty protrusions; The lower surface is slightly light in color, the leaf veins are prominent, the venules are reticulate, the veins are sparsely hairy, and the vein base is tufted. Brittle. It has slight air, light taste and slight bitterness.
[identification] (1) the powder of this product is yellowish green or yellowish brown. There are large crystalline cells containing the corpus callosum in the upper epidermis, and the diameter of the corpus callosum is 47-77 μ M.The diameter of the corpus callosum is 0.5-0.5 μ M.The diameter of the corpus callosum is 0.5-0.5 μ M.The diameter. The stomata of the lower epidermis are adventitious, with 4-6 accessory guard cells. Non glandular hair is single-cell, 50-230 μ m long. The diameter of calcium oxalate clusters is 5 ～ 16 μ M; Cubic crystals are occasionally seen.
(2) Take 2G of this product powder, add 30ml of petroleum ether (60 ~ 90 ℃), heat and reflux for 30 minutes, discard the petroleum ether liquid, volatilize the drug residue, add 30ml of ethanol, sonicate for 20 minutes, filter, evaporate the filtrate, heat 10ml of water for the residue, put it on a 60 ℃ water bath to stir to dissolve, filter, evaporate the filtrate, add 1ml of methanol to dissolve the residue, and use it as the test solution. Another 2G of mulberry leaf control medicine was taken and the control medicine solution was prepared by the same method. According to the test of thin-layer chromatography (general rule 0502), suck 5 μ l each of the above two solutions, dot them on the same silica gel G thin-layer plate respectively, use the upper solution of toluene ethyl acetate formic acid (5:2:1) as the developing agent, put it into the developing cylinder pre saturated with the developing agent for 10 minutes, develop it to about 8cm, take it out, dry it, and view it under the ultraviolet light (365nm). In the chromatogram of the test sample, fluorescent spots of the same color appear at the position corresponding to the chromatogram of the control medicinal material.
[inspection] the moisture content shall not exceed 15.0% (the second method of general rule 0832).
The total ash content shall not exceed 13.0% (general rule 2302).
Acid insoluble ash content shall not exceed 4.5% (general rule 2302).
[extract] according to the hot leaching method under the alcohol soluble extract determination method (general rule 2201), absolute ethanol shall be used as the solvent, which shall not be less than 5.0%.
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Chromatographic conditions and system suitability test octadecylsilane bonded silica gel was used as filler; ; The detection wavelength was 358nm. The number of theoretical plates should not be less than 5000 according to the rutin peak.
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Time (min) mobile phase a (%) mobile phase B (%)

0～5 30 70

5～10 30→35 70→65

10～15 35→40 65→60

15～18 40→50 60→50
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Preparation of reference solution take an appropriate amount of rutin reference, weigh accurately, and make a solution containing 0.1mg per 1ml with methanol.
Preparation of test solution take about 1g of powder (passing through No. 3 screen), weigh accurately, place in a round bottom flask, add 50ml of methanol, heat and reflux for 30 minutes, filter, use 50ml of methanol to extract the filtered residue twice in the same way, combine the filtrate, recover the solvent under reduced pressure, dissolve the residue with methanol, transfer to a 25ml volumetric flask, add methanol to the scale, shake well, filter, and take the continued filtrate.
The determination method is to precisely suck 10 μ l of the reference solution and 10 μ l of the test solution, inject them into the liquid chromatograph, and determine.
The content of rutin (c27h30o16) in this product shall not be less than 0.10% according to the dry product.
Decoction pieces
[processing] remove impurities, rub them into pieces, remove handles, and screen out dust.
[nature, taste and meridian tropism] sweet, bitter and cold. Return to lung and liver channels.
[functions and indications] evacuate wind heat, clear lung and moisten dryness, clear liver and brighten eyes. .
[usage and dosage] 5 ～ 10g.
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2、 Chemical constituents of mulberry leaves  

The leaves contain rutin, quercetin, Isoquercitrin, quercetin-3-triglucoside, trace amounts of β - sitosterol, and campesterol, β - sitosterol, β - D-glucoside, hops lipol, mesoinositol, insect allergy hormones Achyranthes bidentata sterone and ecdysterone, hemolysin, chlorogenic acid. The volatile oil contains acetic acid, propionic acid, butyric acid, isobutyric acid, valeric acid, isovaleric acid, hexanoic acid, isohexanoic acid, methyl salicylate, guaiacol, phenol, o-cresol, m-cresol, eugenol, etc., and also contains oxalic acid, fumaric acid, tartaric acid, citric acid, succinic acid, palmitic acid, ethyl palmitate, thirty-one alkyl, hydroxycoumarin, sucrose, fructose, glucose, aspartic acid, glutamate and other amino acids. It also contains vitamin C-200 ～ 300 mg%, glutathione 140 ～ 400 mg%, folic acid 105 μ g%, 5-formyltetrahydrofolate 22 μ g%, vitamin b1-460 μ g%, vitamin B2-300 ～ 800 μ g%, adenine, choline, trigonelline, copper 10p.p.m., zinc 16p.p.m., boron 35p.p.m., manganese 270p.p.m.

3、

1. antibacterial effect fresh mulberry leaf decoction has strong antibacterial effect on Staphylococcus aureus, B hemolytic streptococcus, Diphtheria Bacillus and anthrax bacillus in vitro, and also has certain antibacterial effect on Escherichia coli, typhoid bacillus, dysentery bacillus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. .

2. hypoglycemic effect of mulberry leaves in rats with diabetes induced by desquamate and alloxan; . Desqualone promoted the conversion of glucose to glycogen, but did not change the blood glucose level of normal animals. Some people believe that some amino acids contained in mulberry leaves can stimulate the secretion of insulin to reduce blood glucose.

. It can excite the uterus during estrus. A temporary drop in blood pressure may occur when diluent is injected intravenously. Desquamation hormone can promote cell growth, stimulate dermal cell division, produce new epidermis and promote insect desquamation. For the human body, it can promote protein synthesis, eliminate cholesterol in the body, reduce blood lipids, and the phytoestrogen extracted from mulberry leaf ethanol can slow down the growth rate of mice. No local irritation was found when 10% mulberry leaf injection was injected into the quadriceps femoris or instilled into the conjunctiva of rabbit eyes. The allergic test of guinea pigs was negative. There was no hemolytic reaction to sheep red blood cells. .