1、
This product is the dried roots of Codonopsis pilosula (franch.) nannf., Codonopsis pilosula nannf.var.modesta (nannf.) l.t.shen or Codonopsis tangshen oliv., a plant of Platycodon family. Excavate in autumn, wash and dry.
[properties] Codonopsis pilosula is a long cylindrical, slightly curved, 10-35cm long, and 0.4-2cm in diameter. Its surface is grayish yellow, yellowish brown to grayish brown. There are many warty stem scars and buds on the root head, and the top of each stem scar is concave dots; There are dense circular transverse stripes under the root head, which are gradually sparse downward, some reaching half of the full length, and the cultivated products have few or no circular transverse stripes; All have longitudinal wrinkles and scattered transverse lenticel like protrusions, and there are often dark brown gums at the broken roots. The texture is slightly soft or hard and slightly ductile, the section is slightly flat, with cracks or radial texture, the skin is light brown yellow to yellowish brown, and the wood is light yellow to yellow. .
Codonopsis pilosula (Codonopsis pilosula) is 10 ～ 35cm long and 0.5 ～ 2.5cm in diameter. The surface is yellowish white to grayish yellow, and the dense circular transverse lines under the root head often reach more than half of the full length. There are many fractures in the section, and the skin is gray white to light brown.
Codonopsis pilosula is 10 ～ 45cm long and 0.5 ～ 2cm in diameter. Its surface is grayish yellow to yellowish brown, with obvious irregular longitudinal grooves. The texture is soft and strong, with few fractures in the section, and the skin is yellowish white.
[identification] (1) cross section of this product: the number of cork cells ranges from 10, and there are stone cells on the outside, single or in groups. The inner layer of the bolt is narrow. Phloem is broad, with cracks on the outside, scattered with yellowish lacteal duct groups, and often arranged interactively with sieve duct groups. The cambium forms a ring. . Parenchymal cells contain inulin.
(2) Take 1g of this product powder, add 25ml of methanol, sonicate for 30 minutes, filter, evaporate the filtrate, add 15ml of water to dissolve the residue, pass through D101 macroporous adsorption resin column (inner diameter is 1.5cm, column height is 10cm), elute with 50ml of water, discard the water, elute with 50ml of 50% ethanol, collect the eluent, evaporate to dryness, add 1ml of methanol to dissolve the residue, and use it as the test solution. In addition, take the reference substance of codonin and add methanol to make a solution containing 1mg per 1ml as the reference solution. According to thin layer chromatography
Method (general rule 0502): suck 2-4 μ l of the test solution and 2 μ l of the control solution, respectively, onto the same high-efficiency silica gel G thin-layer plate, use n-butanol glacial acetic acid water (7:1:0.5) as the developing agent, develop, take out, dry, spray with 10% sulfuric acid ethanol solution, heat at 100 ℃ until the spots are clear, and inspect them under sunlight and ultraviolet light (365nm). In the chromatogram of the test sample, spots or fluorescent spots of the same color appear at the corresponding positions of the chromatogram of the control sample.
[inspection] the moisture content shall not exceed 16.0% (the second method of general rule 0832).
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The sulfur dioxide residue shall be determined according to the sulfur dioxide residue determination method (general rule 2331) and shall not exceed 400mg/kg.
[extract] according to the hot leaching method under the alcohol soluble extract determination method (general rule 2201), 45% ethanol shall be used as solvent, which shall not be less than 55.0%.
Decoction pieces
[processing] dangshen tablets remove impurities, wash, moisten, cut into thick pieces, and dry.
This product is a thick round piece. The outer skin is grayish yellow, yellowish brown to grayish brown, and sometimes there are many warty stem scars and buds on the root head. The cut skin is light brownish yellow to yellowish brown, and the wood is light yellow to yellow, with cracks or radial texture. .
[identification], [inspection], [extract] are the same as that of medicinal materials.
Stir fry dangshen with rice, take dangshen tablets, stir fry with rice according to the roasting method (general rule 0213) until the table
The flour is dark yellow. Take it out, sift the rice and let it cool. 20kg per 100kg dangshen tablets per meter.
This product is shaped like dangshen tablets, with dark yellow surface and occasional focal spots.
[inspection] the moisture content is the same as that of medicinal materials, and shall not exceed 10.0%.
[identification] [inspection] (total ash sulfur dioxide residue) [extract] is the same as that of medicinal materials.
[nature, taste and meridian tropism] sweet and smooth. Return to spleen and lung meridian.
[functions and indications] invigorate the spleen and lungs, nourish blood and generate fluid. .
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[note] it should not be used with resveratrol.
[storage] store in a ventilated and dry place to prevent moths

2、 Chemical constituents of Codonopsis pilosula

; CP2、 It is composed of glucose, galactose, fructose, arabinose, mannose, ribose, xylose massage sugar, galactose, fructose, arabinose, mannose, ribose, xylose massage molar ratio of 1.77:1:0.43:0.26:0.12:0.023:0.013, with a relative molecular mass of 12000; CP3 is composed of glucose, fructose, mannose, galactose, arabinose, ribose and xylose in a molar ratio of 5.94:4.43:1.07:1.072:0.20:0.13, with a relative molecular mass of 14000; CP4 is composed of glucose, galactose, arabinose, rhamnose, fructose, mannose and xylose in a molar ratio of 1.5:1:0.6:0.46:0.29:0.13:0.06, with a relative molecular mass of 79000[4]. The root also contains glycosides: syringin, n-hexyl - β - d-glucopyranoside, ethyl - α - d-fructofuranoside, Codonopsis glycoside Ⅰ, alkaloids and nitrogen-containing components: choline, ryegrass base, n-butyl urea formate, pyroglutamic acid n-fructoside, nicotinic acid, 5-hydroxy-2-pyridine methanol and L-Lysine,L-threonine,L-valine ，L-Methionine ，L-isoleucine,l-leucine ，L-phenylalanine, aspartic acid,l-his ，l-serine , glutamate,glycine、L-alanine，L-cystine, lysine, crude， L-Proline And other 17 amino acids; Sterols and triterpenoids:Taraxacum terpene alcohol，Dandelion sterol acetate, uninhibited, α - spinach sterol β - D-glucoside, 7-stigmasterol, 7-stigmasterol - β - D-glucoside,Stigmasterol, stigmasterol - β - D-glucoside, α - spinach sterone, 5,22-stigmatadiene-3-one; Other ingredients:Eugenol，Vanillic acid, 2-furoxylic acid, atractylolide II andAtractylodeⅢ，5-hydroxymethylfurfural, 5-methoxymethylfurfural, methyl lauryl palmitate, and other inorganic elements such as iron, copper, cobalt, manganese, zinc, nickel, strontium, aluminum, vanadium, and fluorine. The root also contains volatile oil. According to one report, the main component of the oil is methyl palmitate, accounting for 28.04% of the total oil. It also contains α pinene, 2,4-nonadienal,borenol， ξ - guaiacene, α - curcumene and other 32 components [16]; According to another report; The oil contains 66 components, and the main components are:palmitic acid, accounting for 38% of the total oil, 11,14-eicosadienoic acid methyl ester accounted for 9.89%, and O - (o-methoxyphenoxy) phenol.

2. Codonopsis pilosula root containsL-threonine、L-valine 、L-Methionine 、L-isoleucine、l-leucine 、L-phenylalanine、l-his , aspartic acidl-serine 、glycine, glutamateL-alanine、L-cystine, tyrosineL-lysine, crude ammoniaL-Proline And other 17 amino acids.

3. Codonopsis pilosula root contains polysaccharides,Taraxacum terpene alcohol，Dandelion sterol acetate, uninhibited terpene,Stigmasterol, syringin, codonoside ⅠCodonopsis glycosideⅡ、Codonopsis glycosideⅢ、Codonopsis glycosideⅣ, (E) - 2-hexenyl - β - sophoroside, (E) - 2-hexenyl - α - l-arabinosyl (1 → 6) - β - d-glucopyranoside, hexyl - β - Gentiobioside, hexyl - β - sophoroside, (6R, 7R) - E, e-tetradecane-4, 12-diene-8, 10-block-1, 6, 7-triol-6-o - β - d-glucopyranoside, Changshen lactone is atractylolide III, Codonopsis pilosula], and aspartic acidL-threonine、l-serine 、glycine, glutamateL-alanine、L-cystine、L-valine 、L-Methionine 、L-isoleucine、l-leucine , tyrosineL-phenylalanine、L-lysine、l-his , crude ammoniaL-Proline Amino acids and inorganic elements such as iron, copper, cobalt, manganese zinc, nickel, arsenic, alum, molybdenum, fluorine, etc.

4. the root of Codonopsis pilosula contains inorganic elements and polysaccharides such as iron, copper, cobalt, manganese, zinc, nickel, arsenic, vanadium, molybdenum and fluorine.

5. Codonopsis pilosula root containsTaraxacum terpene alcohol、Dandelion sterol acetate, uninhibited terpeneStigmasterol, polysaccharides, atractylolide Ⅲ and aspartic acidL-threonine、l-serine 、glycine, glutamateL-alanine、L-cystine、L-valine 、L-Methionine 、L-isoleucine、l-leucine , tyrosineL-phenylalanine、L-lysine、l-his , arginineL-Proline Isoamino acids.

6. the root of Codonopsis pilosula contains polysaccharide and atractylolide III.THE root of Codonopsis pilosula contains polysaccharide and atractylolide III.THE root of Codonopsis pilosula contains polysaccharide and atractylolide III.THE root of Codonopsis pilosul.

3、 Pharmacological effects of Codonopsis pilosula

1. impact on central nervous system:
1.1. effects on learning and memory of animals: the effects of 20% ethanol extract of Codonopsis pilosula on learning and memory were observed by the step-down method in mice and the operant conditioned response fixed ratio operation in rats. The results showed that Codonopsis pilosula could antagonize the poor memory acquisition in mice caused by scopolamine, improve the memory consolidation impairment in mice caused by sodium nitrite and the memory reproduction defect in mice caused by 40% ethanol, and partially antagonize the inhibition of scopolamine on fixed ratio operation in rats. The n-butanol fraction further isolated from Codonopsis pilosula can reproduce the above effects. The n-butanol fraction of Codonopsis pilosula has no affinity for M cholinergic receptors, but it can significantly increase the density of central m cholinergic receptors. However, it could not resist scopolamine induced decrease of ACh content in cerebral cortex and hippocampus of mice. . These results suggest that Codonopsis pilosula has an improving effect on learning and memory, and cholinergic pathway may be an important aspect of its effect. Dangshen decoction can also enhance and improve the learning and memory process of mice by Y-maze method, and can improve the effect of memory acquisition disorder caused by anisodine.

1.2. effect on spontaneous activity: use MK aniex activity recorder to record the number of spontaneous activities of 2 mice in 4 minutes at the same time. . Results Codonopsis pilosula can inhibit the spontaneous activity of mice.

. The water extract of Codonopsis pilosula can prolong the sleep time of mice with low dose (30mg/kg) pentobarbital sodium, but the alcohol extract has no such effect. However, both aqueous and alcohol extracts of Codonopsis pilosula can shorten the sleep time of mice given high-dose pentobarbital. In addition, Codonopsis pilosula extract has certain antagonistic effect on picrotoxin and pentylenetetrazol, and prolongs the occurrence time of convulsion and death in mice. However, it has no obvious antagonistic effect on strychnine. It has been reported that the inhibitory effect of Codonopsis pilosula on the central nervous system is mainly the Codonopsis pilosula polysaccharide contained therein.

1.4. effect of Codonopsis pilosula extract on electroencephalogram of rabbits: on conscious rabbits with buried electrodes, observe the effect of extracts from various parts of Codonopsis pilosula on cortical and subcortical electroencephalogram. Results the extracts from different parts of Codonopsis pilosula had no effect on EEG of awake rabbits. Intracerebroventricular administration, parts Ⅱ, Ⅲ and water-soluble saponins have effects. When intravenous administration, only part III caused high amplitude slow waves in EEG of awake rabbits. The saponins contained in this part III are fat soluble. The effects of Codonopsis pilosula extract Ⅱ, Ⅲ and water-soluble saponins on hypothalamus and hippocampus seemed to be greater than that on cortex. .

2. effect on cardiovascular system:
. Results: Codonopsis pilosula group had significant inhibition of thrombosis in vitro before and after treatment (P < 0.005-0.001). There was no significant change in ESR before and after treatment, but hematocrit was 38.01 ± 3.98 and 34.21 ± 4.87 before and after treatment, respectively (P < 0.005). There were significant differences in erythrocyte electrophoresis and plasma specific viscosity before and after treatment in dangshen group (P < 0.001).

2.2. anti hypoxia effect: dangshen injection (1g for each 1ml of crude drug) prepared by water extraction and alcohol precipitation has obvious anti hypoxia effect on mice treated with intraperitoneal injection of 0.2ml/10g normal pressure, compared with intraperitoneal injection of 0.2ml/10g normal saline, p＜0.001。 It also had obvious antagonism to isoproterenol oxygen consumption, P < 0.05 compared with saline control group. For cyanide or sodium nitrite poisoning, the survival time of mice was significantly prolonged (P < 0.001). The survival time of ligated mice 'bilateral common carotid arteries was also significantly prolonged in the dangshen group (P < 0.001).

2.3. effects on experimental acute myocardial ischemia in rabbits and rats: preventive and therapeutic administration were used to observe the displacement of T wave and S-T segment in lead Ⅱ of electrocardiogram and the change of heart rate. .

. Results after 15 minutes of Codonopsis pilosula injection, the microcirculation of 80% rabbits had returned to normal, and the diameter was larger than that in physiological state. After 30 minutes, all rabbits returned to normal, the number of microcirculation opening was significantly increased than that in physiological state, and the diameter was significantly expanded. There was no significant difference in microcirculation between saline group and Codonopsis pilosula group in physiological state. After amniotic fluid induced microcirculation disturbance, normal saline was used again, and there was no recovery in 15 minutes, and only a few larger blood vessels were blurred and visible in 30 minutes.

3. impact on digestive system:
3.1. anti ulcer effect of Codonopsis pilosula:
. Dangshen Decoction 20g/kg also has a very obvious inhibitory effect on rat ulcers caused by water immersion stress of Lycium barbarum. Using the rat model of stress-induced ulcer induced by restraint water immersion, gastric electrodes and semiconductor strain gauges were implanted in the stomach. It was observed that under stress, the basic rhythm of gastric electricity in rats was disordered, gastric motility was strengthened, and gastric emptying was significantly accelerated. After gavage of 40g/kg dangshen water decoction and alcohol precipitation solution, it had a protective effect on stress-induced gastric ulcer, and could inhibit the changes of gastric electricity and gastric motility.

3.1.2. protective effect on pyloric ligation rat ulcer model: rats orally administered with Codonopsis pilosula polysaccharide 500 and 250mg/kg have certain protective effect on pyloric ligation type experimental gastric ulcer. Dangshen Decoction (20g/kg) and dangshen n-butanol neutral extract (5.0g/kg) had obvious preventive and protective effects on pylorus ligation gastric ulcer in rats (P < 0.01).

3.1.3. protective effect on the gastric mucosa of rats injured by absolute ethanol: dangshen decoction can significantly reduce the damage of absolute ethanol to the gastric mucosa, and the damage incidence rate is 40% (100% in the control), the damage index is 147.8 ± 59.38 in the control, while it is 8.95 ± 15.59 in the dangshen group (P < 0.01), and the inhibition rate is 93.94%.

3.1.4. effects on gastric ulcer in rats caused by indomethacin and aspirin: the polysaccharide of Codonopsis pilosula 500mg/kg and the neutral extract of Codonopsis pilosula n-butanol have obvious inhibitory effects (P < 0.01). The decrease of PGE2 and hexosamine in rat glandular stomach mucosa caused by indomethacin and aspirin had obvious antagonism; ; The 1 × 10 (-2) g/ml n-butanol neutral extract of Codonopsis pilosula in vitro can activate the arachidonic acid (AA) metabolic system in porcine lung microparticles.

3.2. the mechanism of action of Codonopsis pilosula and its active ingredients against gastric mucosal injury: oral administration of Codonopsis pilosula extract Ⅶ - Ⅱ can significantly increase the content of gastric wall bound mucus in normal rats, and duodenal administration can significantly increase the content of gastric wall bound mucus in pylorus ligated rats; After 3 hours of oral administration, it can significantly reduce the gastric mucosal injury and the decrease of gastric mucosal potential difference caused by absolute ethanol in rats, and reduce the ulcer index and the percentage of reduction of gastric mucosal potential difference after injury. There was a significant dose-dependent relationship at the dose of 10-40g/kg body weight. In addition, oral administration of 10 and 20g crude drugs /kg body weight can reduce the neutral red clearance rate of gastric mucosa in pylorus ligation rats, which may be related to the inhibitory effect of drugs on gastric secretion; Oral administration of methyl orange in mice had no obvious effect on gastric emptying movement, but slightly inhibited the spontaneous activity of isolated duodenum in rabbits, and could significantly antagonize the tetanic contraction of isolated rabbit intestine caused by acetylcholine.

4. effects on immune function: Codonopsis pilosula and its polysaccharide can increase the number of macrophages, cell volume, pseudopodia and phagocytic capacity; The activities of DNA, RNA, sugars, ACP enzyme, ATPase, acid esterase and amber dehydrogenase in the cells were significantly enhanced. The contents of various chemical components in macrophages were significantly increased after taking the drug, which was significantly different from that in the control group. Codonopsis pilosula can also significantly promote DNA and protein biosynthesis of ConA activated lymphocytes, and the optimal concentration for promoting DNA synthesis is 100 μ g / mL.The optimal concentration for DNA synthesis is 100 μ g / mL.The optimal concentration for DNA synthesis is 100 μ g / mL.The optimal concentration for DNA synthesis is 100 μ g / mL.The optimal concentration for DNA synthesis is. The peak of DNA synthesis was at 48 hours, which also significantly enhanced the production of interleukin-2 (IL-2).

5. other effects: Codonopsis pilosula can increase red blood cells and hemoglobin. Subcutaneous injection of 0.2ml of l00% aqueous extract of Codonopsis pilosula can significantly improve the ability of mice to resist high temperature. When the concentration of Codonopsis pilosula is 4mg/ml, it can promote the mitosis of human lymphocytes in vitro, but a larger dose can inhibit the mitosis. Codonopsis pilosula can also increase the content of plasma corticosterone in mice. Blood gas analysis showed that Codonopsis pilosula can not only reduce the body's oxygen consumption, but also increase the effect of oxygen supply, which may be related to the central excitation of drugs. . This may be a protective mechanism against radiation damage.