1、 Pharmacopoeia standard of Clematis
This product is the dried roots and rhizomes of Clematis Chinensis Osbeck, Clematis hexapetala pall. or Clematis manshurica rupr., a Ranunculaceae plant. Excavate in autumn, remove sediment and dry in the sun.
; Apical residual stem base; The texture is tough and the section is fibrous; Most fine roots are attached on the lower side. The root is slender cylindrical, slightly curved, 7-15cm long, 0.1-0.3cm in diameter; the surface is dark brown, with fine longitudinal lines, and some of the skin falls off, exposing the yellow white wood; It is hard and brittle, easy to break, with wide cross-section skin, light yellow wood, slightly square, and often cracks between skin and wood. The air is weak and the taste is light.
The rhizome of Clematis gossypii is short columnar, 1 ～ 4cm long and 0.5 ～ 1cm in diameter. The root is 4 ～ 20cm long and 0.5 ～ 1cm in diameter. The root is 4 ～ 20cm long and 0.1 ～ 0.2cm in diameter. The surface is brown to brown black; The wood section is round. It tastes salty.
The rhizome of Clematis northeastern is columnar, 1-11cm long and 0.5-2.5cm in diameter. The root is dense, 5-23cm long and 0.1-0.4cm in diameter. The surface is brown black; The wood part of the section is nearly circular. It tastes spicy.
[identification] (1) cross section of the root: the outer wall of the epidermal cells of Clematis chinensis is thickened, brown black. The cortex is wide, all of which are parenchymal cells, and the cells of the outer cortex extend tangentially; The endothelial layer was evident. There are often fiber bundles and stone cells on the outer side of phloem, and the fiber diameter is 18-43 μ M.The diameter of the fiber is about 1.5-1.5 μ M.The diameter of the fiber is about 1.5-1.5 μ M.The diameter of the fiber is about 1.5. The cambium is obvious. The xylem is completely lignified. Parenchyma cells contain starch granules.
The outer cortex cells of Clematis gossypii elongated in multiple directions, and the cell walls of 1-2 rows immediately following the outer cortex were slightly thickened. There were no fiber bundles and stone cells in the lateral phloem.
The outer cortex cells of Clematis northeastern elongate radially, and the old roots elongate slightly tangentially. .
(2) Take 1g of this product powder, add 50ml of ethanol, heat and reflux for 2 hours, filter, concentrate the filtrate to 20ml, add 3ml of hydrochloric acid, heat and reflux for 1 hour, add 10ml of water, cool it, add 25ml of petroleum ether (60 ～ 90 ℃) for shaking extraction, evaporate the petroleum ether, dissolve the residue with 10ml of absolute ethanol, and use it as the test solution. In addition, take oleanolic acid reference substance and add absolute ethanol to make a solution containing 0.45mg per 1ml as the reference solution. According to the test of thin-layer chromatography (general rule 0502), suck 3 μ l each of the above two solutions, dot them on the same silica gel G thin-layer plate respectively, use toluene ethyl acetate formic acid (20:3:0.2) as the developing agent, put the thin-layer plate in the developing cylinder to be pre saturated for 30 minutes, develop, take out, dry, spray 10% sulfuric acid ethanol solution, heat at 105 ℃ until the spots are clear. In the chromatogram of the test sample, spots with the same color appear at the corresponding position of the chromatogram of the control sample.
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The total ash content shall not exceed 10.0% (general rule 2302).
Acid insoluble ash content shall not exceed 4.0% (general rule 2302).
[extract] according to the hot leaching method under the determination method of alcohol soluble extract (general rule 2201), the use of ethanol as solvent shall not be less than 15.0%.
[content determination] determine according to high performance liquid chromatography (general rule 0512).
Chromatographic conditions and system suitability test octadecylsilane bonded silica gel was used as filler; ; The detection wavelength was 205nm. The number of theoretical plates should not be less than 3000 according to the peak of oleanolic acid.
Preparation of reference solution take an appropriate amount of oleanolic acid reference, weigh accurately, add methanol to make a solution containing 1mg per 1ml.
Preparation of test solution take about 4G of powder (passing through No. 4 screen), weigh accurately, place in Soxhlet extractor, add appropriate amount of ethyl acetate, heat and reflow for 3 hours, discard the ethyl acetate solution, volatilize the solvent from the drug residue, transfer it together with the filter paper cartridge to a conical flask, add 50ml of dilute ethanol precisely, weigh, heat and reflow for 1 hour, cool, weigh again, make up the lost weight with dilute ethanol, shake well, filter, accurately measure 25ml of continuous filtrate, evaporate it on a water bath, add 30ml of 2mol/l hydrochloric acid solution to dissolve the residue, heat and reflow for 2 hours. Immediately cool it, transfer it into the separating funnel, wash the container with 10ml of water in several times, and the washing solution is incorporated into the separating funnel. Add ethyl acetate, shake and extract three times, 15ml each time, combine the ethyl acetate solution, concentrate it below 70 ℃ to nearly dry, add methanol to dissolve it, transfer it to a 10ml volumetric flask, add methanol to the scale, and shake well.
The determination method is to precisely suck 10 μ l of the reference solution and 10 μ l of the test solution, inject them into the liquid chromatograph, and determine.
The content of oleanolic acid (c30h48o3) in this product shall not be less than 0.30% according to the calculation of dry product.
Decoction pieces
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This product has irregular sections. The surface is dark brown, brown brown or brown black, with fine longitudinal lines, and some of the leather parts fall off, exposing the yellow white wood parts. .
[identification] (except for the transverse section) [inspection] [extract] [content determination] is the same as that of medicinal materials.
[nature, taste and meridian tropism] spicy, salty and warm. .
[functions and indications] dispel wind dampness and dredge meridians. It is used for rheumatic arthralgia, limb numbness, muscle and pulse contracture, and unfavorable flexion and extension.
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[storage] put it in a dry place.

2、

The root of Clematis chinensis contains protoanemonin andIvy saponin（hederagenin）、 Epihede regenin andoleanolic acid (oleanoic acid) saponins that are aglycones: clematis-23-o-arabinoside (CPO), Clematis monosaccharide saponin (CP1), Clematis disaccharide saponin (CP2), Clematis trisaccharide saponin (CP3), Clematis trisaccharide saponin (CP4), Clematis Sanjing saponin (cp5), Clematis trisaccharide saponin (CP6), Clematis tetrasaccharide saponin (CP7), clematis tetrasaccharide saponin (CP8), Clematis pentasaccharide saponin (cp9), Clematis pentasaccharide saponin (CP10), clematis-23-o-glucose saponin (cp2a), Clematis Table II sugar saponin (cp3a), Clematis tetrasaccharide saponin (cp7a), Clematis tetrasaccharide saponin (cp8a), Clematis pentasaccharide saponin (cp9a), Clematis pentasaccharide saponin (cp10a), clematis disaccharide saponin (cp2b), Clematis disaccharide saponin (cp3b), etc.

3、 Pharmacological action of Clematis

1. effect on circulatory system: Clematis angustifoliajacq. (i.e. Polygonum sibiricum) 50% infusion (1ml/kg) can reduce the blood pressure and renal volume of anesthetized dogs, and its decoction is only half as effective as the infusion. It can inhibit and then excite the isolated toad heart, and the efficacy of its infusion seems to be about 3-5 times greater than that of the decoction. Its hypotensive effect may be related to the inhibition of the heart.

2. effects on smooth muscle: Clematis angustifolia decoction has obvious excitatory effect on isolated intestinal tubes of mice, which may be a direct effect on smooth muscle, and has similar effects on isolated intestinal tubes of rats and rabbits; .

3. antidiuretic effect: Clematis angustifolia preparation has significant antidiuretic effect on mice, rats and guinea pigs. This effect is roughly equal between the infusion and the decoction; 0.2ml of 50% decoction is about equivalent to the antidiuretic effect of 0.1 unit of pituitrin, and its action time seems to be longer than that of pituitrin. This effect may also be related to blood pressure drop and renal vasoconstriction.

4. hypoglycemic effect: Clematis extract can significantly enhance glucose assimilation in normal rats (that is, after giving rats a large amount of glucose, the urine glucose test is still negative), so it may have hypoglycemic effect.

. 1: The water extract has some inhibitory effects on skin fungi in the test tube. The white flower element (anemone) extracted from the central China Clematis (Caulis Spatholobi, variety not identified) has antibacterial effect. Another kind of water extract of c.discoreifolia also contains protoanemone, which may be an antibacterial component. The 100% Decoction and 200% alcohol extract of Clematis, 0.3-0.4ml/100g by gavage, can promote the bile secretion of anesthetized rats. The intravenous injection of 200% alcohol extract 0.5ml/kg can promote the bile secretion of anesthetized dogs. The addition of 0.2ml of 200% alcohol extract into a 10ml bath dish has a direct relaxation effect on the isolated ileal smooth muscle of guinea pigs and can resist the ileal contraction caused by histamine or acetylcholine. ; The decoction can reduce the blood pressure of anesthetized dogs, constrict renal blood vessels, and have significant antidiuretic effects on mice, rats, and guinea pigs; The decoction has excitatory effect on the isolated intestine of mice.