1、 Pharmacopoeia standard of turmeric
This product is the dried rhizome of Curcuma longa L., a Zingiberaceae plant. When the stems and leaves wither in winter, dig them, wash them, boil or steam them until they are transparent, dry them in the sun, and remove the fibrous roots.
. The texture is solid and not easy to break. The section is brownish yellow to golden yellow, horny like, with waxy luster. The endothelial layer has obvious rings, and the vascular bundles are scattered in dots. It has a special fragrance and tastes bitter and pungent.
[identification] (1) cross section of this product: the epidermal cells are flat and the wall is thin. ; There are 6-8 rows of cork cells near the epidermis on the lateral side, which are flat; The Kjeldahl point of endothelial cells was obvious. The middle column sheath is composed of 1-2 rows of parenchyma cells; The vascular bundle is tough outside, scattered, more near the columella, and gradually decreases inward. Parenchyma cells contain oil droplets, starch granules and reddish brown pigments.
(2) Take 0.2g of this product powder, add 20ml of absolute ethanol, shake, place for 30 minutes, filter, evaporate the filtrate, add 2ml of absolute ethanol to dissolve the residue as the test solution. Another 0.2g of Curcuma longa reference material was prepared into the reference material solution by the same method. Then take the curcumin reference substance and add absolute ethanol to make a solution containing 0.5mg per 1ml as the reference substance solution. According to the test of thin-layer chromatography (general rule 0502), suck 4 μ l of each of the above three solutions, dot them on the same silica gel G thin-layer plate respectively, develop them with chloroform methanol formic acid (96:4:0.7) as the developing agent, take them out, dry them, and view them under sunlight and ultraviolet light (365nm). In the chromatogram of the test sample, spots or fluorescent spots of the same color are displayed at the corresponding positions of the chromatogram of the control medicinal material and the chromatogram of the control sample, respectively.
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The total ash content shall not exceed 7.0% (general rule 2302).
[extract] according to the hot leaching method under the alcohol soluble extract determination method (general rule 2201), using dilute ethanol as solvent, it shall not be less than 12.0%.
[content determination] the volatile oil shall be determined according to the volatile oil determination method (general rule 2204).
The volatile oil content of this product shall not be less than 7.0% (ml/g).
Curcumin was determined by high performance liquid chromatography (general rule 0512).
Chromatographic conditions and system suitability test octadecylsilane bonded silica gel was used as filler; The mobile phase was acetonitrile-4% glacial acetic acid solution (48:52); The detection wavelength is 430nm. The number of theoretical plates should not be less than 4000 according to the peak of gingerol.
Preparation of reference solution take an appropriate amount of curcumin reference substance, weigh accurately, add methanol to make a solution containing 10 μ l per 1ml.
Preparation of the test solution take about 0.2g of the fine powder of the product, accurately weigh it, place it in a corked conical flask, precisely add 10ml of methanol, weigh it, heat and reflux for 30 minutes, cool it, then weigh it, use methanol to make up the lost weight, shake it well, centrifuge, accurately measure 1ml of supernatant, place it in a 20ml measuring flask, add methanol to dilute it to the scale, shake it well, and then get it.
The determination method is to precisely suck 5 μ l each of the reference solution and the test solution, inject them into the liquid chromatograph, and determine.
According to the calculation of dry product, the content of curcumin (c21h20o6) shall not be less than 1.0%.
Decoction pieces
[processing] remove impurities, soak slightly, wash, moisten thoroughly, cut into thick pieces, and dry.
This product is irregular or quasi circular thick film. The outer skin is dark yellow, and sometimes links can be seen. . It has a special fragrance and tastes bitter and pungent.
[inspection] the moisture content is the same as that of medicinal materials, and shall not exceed 13.0%.
[content determination] the content of volatile oil in the same medicinal material shall not be less than 5.0% (ml/g);
The content of curcumin (c21h20o6) shall not be less than 0.90%.
[identification] [inspection] (total ash) [extract] is the same as that of medicinal materials.
[nature, taste and meridian tropism] pungent, bitter and warm. .
[functions and indications] it can break blood and promote qi circulation, relieve pain by dredging meridians. It is used for chest and flank tingling, chest beat and heartache, dysmenorrhea and amenorrhea, symptoms and pains, rheumatic shoulder and arm pain, tumescent pain.
[usage and dosage] 3 ～ 10g. Suitable for external use.
[storage] store in a cool and dry place.

2、 Chemical constituents of turmeric

Rhizomes contain curcumin compounds:curcumin(curcumin)， P, p-dihydroxydicinnamoyl methane, i.eDidemethoxycurcumin(bisdemethoxycurcumin)， P-hydroxycinnamoylferuloylmethane, i.eDemethoxycurcumin(demethoxycurcumin)，Dihydrocurcumin(dihydrocurcumin)； Sesquiterpenoids: curlone, turmeronol aCurcuminolB， Germacrone-13-al, 4-hydroxybisabola-2, 10-diene-9-one, 4-methoxy-5-hydroxybisabola-2, 10-diene-9-one, curcumenone, dehydrocurdione, (4S, 5S) - macropinacone-4,5-epoxide [(4S, 5S) - germacron-4,5-epoxide], α - Turmerone, bisacurone, curcumenol, isoprocurcumenol, zedoaronediol, procurcumenol, EPI curcumenol, 4,5-dihydroxybisabola-2,10-diene; Curcuma polysaccharideB、Curcuma polysaccharideC、Curcuma polysaccharideD. The volatile oil (4.2%) is mainly composed of gingerone, aromatic gingerone, curcumene, germacrone, aromatic curcumene,Cineole, Terpinene,Curcumol, curzerenone,CurdioneCurdione, α -pinene, β -pinene, limonene,Linalool(linalool)， Caryophyllene, borneol（borneol）Et al. Also containsCampesterol(campesterol)，Stigmasterol(stigmasterol)，β - sitosterol(β-sitosterol)， Cholesterol, fatty acids and metal elements potassium, sodium, magnesium, calcium, manganese, iron, copper, zinc, etc., zinc / copper =3.7.

3、 Pharmacological effects of turmeric

1. hypolipidemic effect: Curcumin or ether extract, curcumin and volatile oil can significantly reduce plasma total cholesterol and b-lipoprotein in experimental hyperlipidemic rats and rabbits, reduce hepatic cholesterol, correct the imbalance of a- and b-lipoprotein ratio, but have no effect on endogenous cholesterol; It has a more significant effect on reducing plasma triglycerides, and can reduce the triglycerides in plasma to below the normal level. High sucrose diet can cause hyperlipidemia in rats, and curcumin can resist this hyperlipidemia. Intragastric administration of curcumin can reduce the liver weight, reduce the contents of triglycerides, free fatty acids, phospholipids in the liver, and the contents of serum total triglycerides, VLDL + LDL triglycerides, HDL triglycerides, VLDL + LDL cholesterol, and free fatty acids in the blood, and can also increase the contents of serum total cholesterol and HDL cholesterol. .

2. anti tumor effect: the alcohol extract of Curcuma longa can inhibit the growth of cancer cells by tissue culture and in vivo experiments with murine Dalton's lymphoascites tumor cells. . Under the promotion of croton oil, 7,12-dimethylbenzanthracene can induce papillary carcinoma in mice. Curcumin can significantly reduce the chance of papillary carcinoma in this situation, and can also inhibit the tumor formation induced by 2O methylchloroanthracene. Curcumin can also reduce the possibility of carcinogenesis of the mutant. Curcumin can also inhibit the cancer inducing effect of tPA (12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate). When 10 μ mol / L curcumin was applied locally, the inhibition rate of guanylate decarboxylase activity induced by 5nmol / L TPA was 91%; Curcumin (10 μ mol/l) and TPA (2nmol/l) could inhibit the chimeric incorporation of 3H thymine into epidermal DNA stimulated by TPA by 49%, which was concentration dependent. .

3. anti inflammatory effect: curcumin can resist the swelling of rat toes induced by carrageenan in a dose-dependent manner in the range of 30mg/kg, while at the dose of 60mg/kg, it inhibits this anti-inflammatory effect. Curcumin sodium reversibly inhibited the contraction of isolated guinea pig ileum induced by nicotine, acetylcholine, serotonin, barium chloride and histamine, similar to non sterol anti-inflammatory drugs.

. Volatile oil has strong antifungal effect. Curcuma longa can prolong the survival time of mice inoculated with virus.

5. effects on cardiovascular system: Curcumin intravenous injection has no obvious effect on blood pressure, nor on blood pressure caused by epinephrine, histamine and acetylcholine. Intragastric administration of curcumin could antagonize the changes of S-T and T waves of electrocardiogram in rats caused by intravenous injection of pituitrin, and could also increase the nutritional blood flow of myocardium in mice. . Compared with the control group, the platelet aggregation was weakened, and the plasma viscosity and whole blood viscosity were decreased after 5 days of gavage (doses of 20, 40, 60, 80mg / (kg · day). Among them, 40mg / (kg · day) group had the strongest inhibitory effect on platelet aggregation, and the inhibitory rate was 34.6% (P < 0.05). No progressive enhancement of the inhibitory effect was observed when the dosage continued to increase. At low shear rate (37.5 s-1), the effect of reducing whole blood and plasma viscosity was significant, while at high shear rate (150 s-1), there was no significant difference.

6. choleretic effect: turmeric extract, curcumin, volatile oil, gingerone, zingiberene, borneol and sesquiterpene alcohol have choleretic effect, can increase the production and secretion of bile, and can promote gallbladder contraction, and the effect of curcumin is the strongest.

. Mice were injected intraperitoneally or subcutaneously with ginger decoction 10g/kg once a day for 2 consecutive days in the early (6-7 days), middle (10-14 days) and late (16-18 days) gestation. Vaginal bleeding can be seen in the morning of the next day after the first and second trimester pregnant mice are given the drug once, necrotic and degenerative embryos can be seen in the uterus after dissection, and most of the late pregnant mice are delivered within 24 hours after the first dose. The results showed that intraperitoneal injection or subcutaneous injection had obvious effects on all stages of pregnancy in mice (50g/kg orally was ineffective), and the pregnancy termination rate was 90-100%, while the embryo development of the control group was normal. The rabbits were injected intraperitoneally or subcutaneously with ginger decoction 8g/kg in the early (8-10 days), middle (13-15 days) and late (23-25 days) gestation, once a day for 2-3 days. All 8 early pregnant rabbits and 4 mid pregnant rabbits terminated pregnancy, and all 4 late pregnant rabbits also aborted. All six rabbits in the control group were pregnant normally. The estrogenic and antiestrogenic activities of turmeric were measured by the method of uterine weight gain in immature mice. The results showed that turmeric Decoction 10g/kg intraperitoneal injection or subcutaneous injection had no estrogenic and antiestrogenic activities. The effect of Curcuma longa 10g/kg on terminating early pregnancy in animals can be antagonized by progesterone (1mg/ mouse), and Curcuma longa 10g/kg can also significantly inhibit the growth of traumatic uterine decidual tumor in pseudopregnant mice. Therefore, it is presumed that the mechanism of Curcuma longa induced early abortion in animals may be due to its anti progesterone activity and contractile effect.
Turmeric powder was successively gavaged with petroleum ether, 95% ethanol and water extract on the 1st-7th day of pregnancy. When the dose of the three extracts was 100mg/kg, the pregnancy termination rates of female rats were 100%, 70 and 100%, respectively. The pups were born without malformations. .

8. antioxidant effect: the brain, heart, liver, kidney, spleen and other organs of NIH mice were made into a certain concentration of homogenate. When unsaturated fatty acids were oxidized to peroxidated lipids, the peroxidated lipids were quickly converted to malondialdehyde. Under heating conditions, malondialdehyde reacted with thiobarbituric acid to produce red compounds. The results showed that curcumin had obvious anti lipid peroxidation effect on five organs. The homogenate concentration of each organ was 3.39% in brain, 1.16% in heart, 3.97% in liver (1), 3.94% in liver (2), 2.08% in kidney and 1.67% in spleen; The curcumin doses (mg/100ml) were 0.31-0.123 for brain, 20.4-0.8 for heart, 20.4-0.8 for liver (1), 0.8-0.128 for liver (2), 20.4-0.8 for kidney, and 0.8-0.123 for spleen, respectively. Compared with the blank control, except for the middle dose of 0.32 for spleen, 0.123p > 0.005 for low dose, and 0.32 P < 0.01 for high dose of brain, the rest were p < 0.001. It has also been reported that curcumin, 4-hydroxycinnamoyl (geruloyl) methane and bis (4-hydroxycinnamoyl) methane all have antioxidant effects, and curcumin is the best. The 50% inhibitory concentration on the air oxidation of linoleic acid is 1.83 × 10 (-2)% (thiobarbital value) and 1.15 × 10 (-2)% (peroxide value), which are higher than vitamin E.

9. light effect: curcumin has weak bactericidal ability under normal circumstances, but when given light irradiation, microgram of curcumin shows strong phototoxic reaction. Gram negative bacteria are more resistant to curcumin phototoxicity than gram positive bacteria. This phototoxicity of curcumin can only be produced under aerobic conditions. . Curcumin can also stabilize drugs that are easily photolyzed. For example, the photostabilizing effect of nifedipine is particularly strong, which can prolong its half-life by 6 times and enhance its curative effect.

10. other effects: curcumin can inhibit PGs biosynthesis. Turmeric can also kill flies. The chloroform and ether extracts of turmeric have inhibitory effects on tinea versicolor and Microsporum gypsum in vitro. . These two compounds can prevent the auto oxidation of linoleic acid at the concentration of -200ppm.