1、 Pharmacopoeia standard of green bark
This product is the peel of dried young fruits or immature fruits of Citrus reticulata Blanco and its cultivated varieties in the Rutaceae family. From May to June, collect the self falling young fruits and dry them in the sun, which is commonly known as "geqingpi"; The immature fruits are harvested from July to August. The peel is longitudinally sectioned into four petals to the base. The pulp petals are removed and dried in the sun. It is commonly known as "four colored green skin".
[character] the pericarp of Tetraena mongolica is divided into four lobes, which are oval in shape, 4 ～ 6cm long and 0.1 ～ 2cm thick. The outer surface is grayish green or dark green, with many oil chambers densely growing; The inner surface is colored or yellowish white, rough, with yellowish white or yellowish brown small tendons. It is slightly hard and easy to break. There are 1 ~ 2 rows of oil chambers on the outer edge of the section. It is fragrant, bitter and pungent.
Geqingpi is spherical in shape, with a diameter of 0.5 ～ 2cm. Its surface is grayish green or dark green, slightly rough, with fine concave oil chambers, a slightly raised stigma at the top, and a round fruit stalk mark at the base. It is hard, with yellow white or yellowish brown peel on the cross section, 0.1 ~ 0.2cm thick, and 1 ~ 2 rows of oil chambers on the outer edge. . It has a light fragrance and tastes sour, bitter and pungent.
[identification] (1) the powder of this product is grayish green or light grayish brown. . The pericarp epidermal cells are polygonal or square in appearance, with thickened vertical walls, oblong stomata, 20-28 μ m in diameter, and 5-7 accessory guard cells; The outer cuticle is seen from the side, and the radial wall near the outer side is slightly thickened. The calcium oxalate crystals exist in the parenchyma cells near the epidermis and are polyhedral, rhombic or square in shape, with a diameter of 3-28 μ m and a length of 32 μ M. Hesperidin crystals are brownish yellow and appear as semicircular, quasi-circular or amorphous masses. The threaded conduit and reticulated conduit are small.
The epidermal cells of the pulp sac of geqing peel are long and narrow, with thin walls, some of which are microwave-shaped. The cells contain calcium oxalate crystals and hesperidin crystals.
(2) Take 0.3g of this product powder, add 10ml of methanol, heat and reflux for 20 minutes, filter, take 5ml of filtrate, concentrate to 1ml, and use it as the test solution. Take hesperidin reference substance and add methanol to make a saturated solution, which is used as the reference solution. According to the test of thin-layer chromatography (general rule 0502), suck 2 μ l of each of the above two solutions, dot them on the same silica gel G thin-layer plate prepared with 0.5% sodium hydroxide solution, use ethyl acetate methanol water (100:17:13) as the developing agent, expand to about 3cm, take out, dry, and then use the upper layer solution of toluene ethyl acetate formic acid water (20:10:1:1) as the developing agent, expand to about 8cm, take out, dry, spray aluminum trichloride test solution, and view under the ultraviolet light (365nm). In the chromatogram of the test sample, fluorescent spots of the same color appear at the corresponding positions of the chromatogram of the control sample.
[inspection] the moisture content shall not exceed 13.0% (the fourth method of general rule 08s2).
The total ash content shall not exceed 6.0% (general rule 2302).
[content determination] determine according to high performance liquid chromatography (general rule 0512).
Chromatographic conditions and system suitability test octadecylsilane bonded silica gel was used as filler; Methanol water (25:75) was used as mobile phase; The detection wavelength was 284nm. The number of theoretical plates should not be less than 1000 according to the hesperidin peak.
Preparation of reference solution take an appropriate amount of hesperidin reference, weigh accurately, add methanol to make a solution containing 0.1mg per 1ml.
Preparation of test solution take about 0.2g of the fine powder of the product, accurately weigh it, put it into a 50ml measuring flask, add 30ml of methanol, sonicate for 30 minutes, cool it, add methanol to the scale, shake well, filter it, accurately measure 2ml of the continuous filtrate, put it into a 5ml measuring flask, add methanol to the scale, shake well, and get it.
The determination method is to precisely suck 10 μ l of the reference solution and 10 μ l of the test solution, inject them into the liquid chromatograph, and determine.
The content of hesperidin (c28h34o15) in this product shall not be less than 5.0%.
Decoction pieces
[processing] remove impurities from the green skin, wash it, moisten it, cut it into thick pieces or silk, and dry it in the sun. This product is shaped like a round thick piece or irregular filaments. The surface is grayish green or dark green, densely populated with most oil chambers, and the cut surface is yellowish white or yellowish brown. Sometimes 8-10 petals of pulp sac can be seen, light brown. It is fragrant, bitter and pungent.
[inspection] the moisture content is the same as that of medicinal materials, and shall not exceed 11.0%.
[content determination] the content of hesperidin (c28h34o15) in the same medicinal material shall not be less than 4.0%.
[identification] [inspection] (total ash) is the same as that of medicinal materials.
Vinegar green skin take green skin pieces or silk, fry according to the vinegar roasting method (general rule 0213) until it is yellowish, and use 15kg of vinegar for every 100kg of green skin.
This product is shaped like green leather or silk, with deep color, slight vinegar aroma, bitter and pungent taste.
[inspection] the moisture content is the same as that of medicinal materials, and shall not exceed 11.0%.
[content determination] the content of hesperidin (c28h34o15) in the same medicinal material shall not be less than 3.0%.
[identification] [inspection] (total ash) is the same as that of medicinal materials.
[nature, taste and meridian tropism] bitter, pungent and warm. It belongs to the liver, gallbladder and stomach meridians.
[function and indications] soothe liver and break Qi, eliminate accumulation and remove stagnation. It is used for chest and flank pain, hernia pain, breast addiction, breast carbuncle, food accumulation and qi stagnation, abdominal distension and pain.
[usage and dosage] 3 ～ 10g.
[storage] store in a cool and dry place.

2、 Chemical constituents of green bark

Qingpi contains the effective component of pressor: synephrine acetate. Also containsL-aspartic acid, glutamic acid,L-Proline ，glycine（glycine），L-alanine，L-cystine，L-valine ，l-leucine ，L-isoleucine，L-phenylalanine，l-his ，L-arginine，l-tyrosine The dried and mature peel of orange and its cultivated varieties contains 1.198% - 3.187% of volatile oil, including limonene, β - myrcene, a- and β - pinene, a-terpinene, a-thujene, sabiene, octanal, a-phellandrene, p-cymene, a-ocimene, γ- Terpinene, terpinolene,Linalool（linalool）， 3,7-dimethyl-7-octenal, 4-terpineol, a-terpineol, decanal, citronellol, 4-tert-butyl benzyl alcohol [4- (1,1-dimethyl) - benzene emethanol], perilaldehyde,Carvacrol. It also contains flavonoids: 5,7,4 '- trimethoxy flavone, 5,7,8,3', 4 '- pentamethoxy flavone, 5,7,8,8,4' - tetramethoxy flavone, 5,4 '- dihydroxy- 7,8-dimethoxyflavone (5,4' - dihydroxy-7,8-dimethoxyflavone), 5,6,7,3 ', 4' - pentamethoxyflavone (5,6,7,3 ', 4 '- pentamethoxy flavone, namely, sinensis, 5-hydroxy-6,7,3', 4 '- tetramethoxy flavone, 5,6,7,8,3', 4 '- hexamethoxy flavone; Nobiletin, 5-hydroxy-6,7,8,3 ', 4' - pen tamethoxy flavone, 5,7,4 '- trihydroxy-6,8,3' - trimethoxy flavone are su Dachi flavone, 5,6,7,8,4 '- pentamethoxy flavone 8,4' - pen tamethoxy flavone) is tangeretin, 5-hydroxy-6,7,8,4-tetramethoxyflavone (5-hydroxy-6,7,8, 4’-tetramethoxy flavone）， 4 '- hydroxy-5,6,7,8-tetramethoxyflavone, 5,4' - dihydroxy-6,7,8-trimethoxyflavone are xanthomicrol and hesperidin,Neohesperidin, citromitin, 5-o-desmethyl citromitin. Also containsβ - sitosterol（β-sitosterol），Limonin（limonin），Ferulic acid（ferulic acid）， 5,5 '- oxymethylene bis (2-furaldehyde)].
The dried and mature peel of chazhi citrus contains 3.541% of the volatile oil, the main component of which is limonene, and also contains β - myrcene, a- and β - pinene, a-terpinene, a-platycladiene, sabinene, octanal, a-carvacene, p-cymene, γ - Terpinene, isoterpinene,Linalool, nonanal, 3,7-dimethyl-7-octenal, 4-terpineol, a-terpineol, decanal, citronellol, Perillaldehyde, carvacrol, methyl 2-methylaminobenzoate, a-farnesene, 2,6,10-trimethyl-2,6,9,11-dodecanetraenal. The dried and mature pericarp of Sihui citrus contains 1.433% - 3.941% of volatile oil, the main component of which is limonene, and also contains β - myrcene, a-pinene, sabinene, octanal, linaric acid, a-terpineol, decanal, citronellol, Perillaldehyde, p-cymene, γ - Terpinene, 3,7-dimethyl-7-octenal. The dried and mature peel of Zhuju contains tangerine,Nobiletin, betaine, 5,7,8,4 '- tetramethoxyflavone, 5,7,8,3', 4 '- pentamethoxyflavone.

3、 Pharmacological action of cortex Isatidis

1. expectorant and antiasthmatic effect: the volatile oil contained in this product has expectorant effect, and its effective component is limonene. Intravenous injection of p-hydroxyfulin oxalate (LMG / kg) obtained from the methanol extract of green bark in anesthetized cats completely antagonized histamine induced bronchoconstriction, and the effect lasted for about 1 hour. It also has a strong relaxation effect on the isolated trachea of guinea pigs and an anti histamine contraction effect on the trachea, but the duration is short.

2. effect on smooth muscle: Qingpi injection can reduce the tension contraction of isolated guinea pig stomach, intestine, gallbladder and mouse uterus, and excite bladder smooth muscle. It has a significant antispasmodic effect on acetylcholine induced contraction of isolated stomach, intestine of guinea pigs and gastric smooth muscle of rabbits in vivo as well as gallbladder caused by carbachol. It has a significant inhibitory effect on histamine induced contraction of isolated guinea pig intestine and salicylic acid-induced contraction of rabbit intestine in vivo. . The excitatory effect on the bladder of guinea pigs and aortic strips of rabbits is mainly through the excitation of adrenergic α receptors, and the excitatory effect on the aorta is weaker than that of norepinephrine. It can significantly antagonize the decrease of perfusion volume caused by histamine in guinea pig lung and relieve the spasm effect of histamine on bronchial chain. It can also significantly increase the bile flow of rats and increase the tension of biliary tract.

3. pressor effect: Qingpi water decoction and alcohol precipitation injection can significantly pressor and excite breathing when given intravenously to anesthetized cats, rabbits and rats. . The pressor effect of other routes of administration was not obvious. The pressor property and intensity of 1G (traditional Chinese Medicine) / kg Qingpi injection were similar to that of 10MCG / kg norepinephrine, but the duration was longer. This dose of intravenous injection has therapeutic effect on a variety of experimental shock, such as hemorrhagic shock, traumatic shock, E. coli endotoxin shock, sodium pentobarbital or total alkaloid poisoning shock of sinomenine powder impeller, and shock caused by anticoagulant rabbit blood infusion in dogs. Although it has no therapeutic effect on histamine shock in rabbits and anaphylactic shock in rabbit and guinea pig horse serum, pre administration also has a certain protective effect. The component extracted from ethyl acetate, 15mg / kg intravenous injection also has a similar pressor effect as the injection. Pre administration of hexahydrocarbon quaternary ammonium, reserpine or propranolol did not affect its pressor effect, but it could be blocked by tolazolin or phenbenzylamine, indicating that the extract of green bark is an α - receptor agonist.

4. anti shock effect: using a variety of animals, such as dogs, cats, rabbits and rats, to cause traumatic shock, blood transfusion shock, shock caused by the overdose of Chinese herbal muscle relaxants (total alkaloids of sinomenine), endotoxic shock, anesthesia accidents and hypnotic poisoning, etc., with Qingpi injection has achieved significant efficacy; .