1、 Pharmacopoeia standard of Gentiana scabra
This product is the dried whole grass of Gentianaceae Plant Swertia millensis T. n. ho et w.l.shih. Harvest in autumn during flowering and fruiting period, remove sediment and dry in the sun.
[character] the product is 15 ~ 45cm long. The root is conical, 2 ~ 7cm long, about 0.2cm in diameter, and some have branches; The surface is yellow or yellowish brown. The stem is tetragonal, with extremely narrow wings at edges and corners, with a diameter of 0.1 ~ 0.2cm; the surface is yellow green or yellow zongzi color, the lower part is often red purple, and the cross section is hollow. Leaves opposite, sessile; ; Corolla 4, deeply lobed, yellow, lobes ovate lanceolate, with 2 glandular fossa at the medial base; Stamen 4. The capsule is narrowly ovoid, and the seeds are mostly small and brown. The breath is slight and the taste is bitter.
. The stone cells are round, rectangular, long strip or long shuttle shaped, and some have protrusions or one end extension, 100-120 μ m long, 40-50 μ m in diameter, lignified, 5-10 μ m thick, with obvious pore grooves. The fiber is long fusiform, 180-220 μ m long, 8-10 μ m in diameter, lignified, with a wall thickness of about 2.5 μ m and obvious pore grooves. The cell wall of the upper epidermis of leaves is wavy; The cuticular texture of the lower epidermal cells is not very obvious, and there are many pores, inequalities or infinitives. Calcium oxalate crystals are rod-shaped, needle shaped or sheet-shaped, and mostly exist in mesophyll cells. The pollen grains are round, 30 ～ 37 μ m in diameter, with 3-pore grooves and fine reticular texture on the surface.
(2) Take 5g of this product powder, add 45ml of methanol, heat and reflux for 30 minutes, filter, and concentrate the filtrate to 10ml as the test solution. In addition, take oleanolic acid reference substance and add methanol to make a solution containing 2mg per 1ml as the reference substance solution. According to the test of thin-layer chromatography (general rule 0502), suck 2 μ l of each of the above two solutions, dot them on the same silica gel G thin-layer plate, use toluene ethyl acetate glacial acetic acid (12:4:0.5) as the developing agent, develop, take out, dry, spray 10% sulfuric acid ethanol solution, heat at 105 ℃ until the spots are clear. .
(3) Take 0.2g of this product powder, add 10ml of methanol, sonicate for 10 minutes, filter, and use the filtrate as the test solution. Another 0.2g of the reference medicinal material of Gentiana scabra was prepared into the reference medicinal material solution by the same method. According to the test of thin-layer chromatography (general rule 0502), suck 5 μ l of each of the above two solutions, dot them on the same silica gel gf254 thin-layer plate respectively, use trichloromethane methanol (17:3) as the developing agent, develop, take out, dry, and view under the UV light (254nm). In the chromatogram of the test sample, spots of the same color appear on the corresponding position of the chromatogram of the control medicinal material.
[inspection] the moisture content shall not exceed 12.0% (the second method of general rule 0832).
The total ash content shall not exceed 10.0% (general rule 2302).
Acid insoluble ash content shall not exceed 5.0% (general rule 2302).
[content determination] determine according to high performance liquid chromatography (general rule 0512).
Chromatographic conditions and system suitability test octadecylsilane bonded silica gel was used as filler; The mobile phase was methanol-0.05% phosphoric acid solution (22:78); The detection wavelength was 237nm. The number of theoretical plates should not be less than 5000 according to the swertiamarin peak.
Preparation of reference solution take an appropriate amount of swertiamarin reference, weigh accurately, add methanol to make a solution containing 0.1mg per 1ml.
Preparation of test solution take 0.5g of powder (passing through No. 3 screen), weigh accurately, place in a corked conical flask, add 50ml of methanol precisely, weigh, sonicate (power 250W, frequency 40KHz) for 30 minutes, cool, weigh again, make up the lost weight with methanol, shake well, filter, accurately measure 5ml of continuous filtrate, place in a 25ml measuring flask, add methanol to dilute to the scale, shake well, filter, and take the continuous filtrate.
The determination method is to precisely suck 5 ～ 10 μ l of the reference solution and the test solution respectively, inject them into the liquid chromatograph, and determine.
This product is calculated as dry product, and the content of swertiamarin (c16h22o10) shall not be less than 8.0%.
Decoction pieces
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This product has irregular sections. The roots are round, and some have branches; The surface is yellow or yellowish brown. Stem tetragonal, angular with extremely narrow wings; The surface is yellowish green or yellowish brown, and the cut surface is hollow. The blades are often broken. The breath is slight and the taste is bitter.
[identification], [inspection], [content determination] are the same as those of medicinal materials.
[nature, taste and meridian tropism] bitter, sweet and cold. It belongs to the liver, gallbladder and bladder channels.
[functions and indications] clearing liver and gallbladder, clearing heat and dampness. It is used for damp heat of liver and gallbladder, jaundice and red urine, bile distention and flank pain, heat drenching and astringent pain.
[usage and dosage] 10 ～ 15g.
[note] people with deficiency and cold should take it with caution.
[storage] store in a cool and dry place.

2、 Chemical constituents of Gentiana scabra
 
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It can significantly reduce the increase of serum alanine aminotransferase caused by carbon tetrachloride toxic hepatitis in rats. It has a protective effect on hepatocytes. The water extract of Gentiana scabra has hepatoprotective effect, and its effective component is oleanolic acid (see the pharmacological action of Fructus virginiae under the pharmacological item of oleanolic acid). The bitter part and flavone part are also effective. The bitter part of Gentiana scabra 20mg/kg subcutaneous injection and flavone 20mg/kg subcutaneous injection for 6 consecutive days can reduce the increase of serum transaminase caused by carbon tetrachloride in rats. Oleanolic acid at the dose levels of 100mg / kg, 50mg / kg, 30mg / kg can significantly reduce the increase of SGPT caused by CCl4 in rats, but 10mg / kg has a poor effect. The increase of SGPT caused by CCl4 could also be reduced by the addition of flavone and bitterness at 20mg / kg and 20mg / kg, respectively. Rhubarb flavin can reduce the increase of SGPT caused by acute toxic liver injury caused by CCl4 in rats.