1、 Pharmacopoeia standard of Curcuma
This product is the dried root tubers of Curcuma wenyujin Y.H. Chen et c.ling, Curcuma longa L., Curcuma kwangsiensis s.g.lee et c.f.liang or Curcuma phaeocaulis val., which are ginger plants. The first two are conventionally called "wenyujin" and "Huangsi Yujin" respectively, while the rest are conventionally called "guiyujin" or "Lvsi Yujin" according to different characters. After the stems and leaves wither in winter, they are dug to remove the sediment and fine roots, steamed or boiled to the core, and dried.
[character] Curcuma wenyujin is oblong or ovoid, slightly flat, some slightly curved, with tapered ends, 3.5 ~ 7cm long and 1.2 ~ 2.5cm in diameter. Its surface is grayish brown or grayish brown, with irregular longitudinal wrinkles, and the color of the bulge of longitudinal wrinkles is lighter. The texture is solid, the section is gray brown, horny like; The endothelial ring was evident. The smell is slightly fragrant and the taste is slightly bitter.
The yellow silk turmeric is spindle shaped, and some ends are slender, 2.5-4.5cm long and 1-1.5cm in diameter. The surface is brownish gray or grayish yellow, with fine wrinkles. The section is orange yellow, and the periphery is brownish yellow to brownish red. It is fragrant and spicy.
Guiyujin is long conical or oblong, 2-6.5cm long and 1-1.8cm in diameter. It has sparse and shallow longitudinal lines or rough reticular wrinkles on the surface. .
The green silk turmeric is long oval, thick, 1.5-3.5cm long and 1-1.2cm in diameter. It is slightly gassy and tastes light.
[identification] (1) cross section of this product: the epidermal cells of Curcuma wenyujin sometimes remain, and the outer wall is slightly thick. The root cover is narrow, with 4-8 rows of cells, thin wall, slightly wavy, and neatly arranged. The width of cortex is about 1/2 of the root diameter, the oil cells are difficult to observe, and the endothelial layer is obvious. ; There are 2-4 xylem bundle vessels with slightly lignified fibers. The vessels are polygonal, thin walled, and 20-9 μ m in diameter. Gelatinized starch granules could be seen in parenchyma cells.
. There are 22-29 phloem bundles and 29 xylem bundles in the middle column, arranged at intervals; Some xylem vessels are connected with fibers in a ring. There are many oil cells. Pigment cells are scattered everywhere in the parenchyma.
The root coat cells of Curcuma kwangsiensis were occasionally thickened, and there were 1-2 rows of thick walled cells in the root coat, forming a ring, and the lamina was obvious. There are 42-48 phloem bundles and 48 xylem bundles in the middle column, arranged at intervals; The catheter is round, and the diameter can reach 160 μ M.
. Pigment cells are often found in the cortex on the lateral side of the central column. Phloem shrunk, xylem bundles 64-72, vessels oblate.
(2) Take 2G of this product powder, add 25ml of absolute ethanol, sonicate for 30 minutes, filter, evaporate the filtrate, and add 1ml of ethanol to dissolve the residue as the test solution. . According to the test of thin-layer chromatography (general rule 0502), suck 5 μ l of each of the above two solutions, dot them on the same silica gel G thin-layer plate respectively, use n-hexane ethyl acetate (17:3) as the developing agent, pre saturate for 30 minutes, develop, take out, air dry, spray 10% sulfuric acid ethanol solution, heat at 105 ℃ until the spots are clear. Check under daylight and ultraviolet light (365nm). In the chromatogram of the test sample, the main spot or burning spot of the same color appears at the position corresponding to the chromatogram of the control medicinal material.
[inspection] the moisture content shall not exceed 15.0% (the fourth method of general rule 0832).
The total ash content shall not exceed 9.0% (general rule 2302).
Decoction pieces
[processing] wash, moisten, slice and dry.
This product is oval or strip-shaped thin. The outer skin is grayish yellow, grayish brown to grayish brown, with irregular longitudinal wrinkles. The cut surface is grayish brown, orange yellow to grayish black. Keratoid, with prominent endothelial rings.
[identification] (except for the transverse section) [inspection] is the same as that of medicinal materials.
[nature, taste and meridian tropism] pungent, bitter and cold. Return to liver, heart and lung channels.
[functions and indications] it can promote blood circulation and relieve pain, promote qi and relieve depression, clear the heart and cool the blood, benefit the gallbladder and eliminate jaundice. It is used for chest and flank tingling, chest pain and heartache, dysmenorrhea due to amenorrhea, breast swelling and pain, fever and dizziness, epilepsy and madness, blood heat vomiting, jaundice and hematuria.
[usage and dosage] 3 ～ 10g.
[note] it should not be used with cloves and mother cloves.
[storage] store in a dry place to prevent moths.

2、

1. Curcuma wenyujin, the root tuber contains curcumin compounds:curcumin(curcumin)，Demethoxycurcumin(demethoxycurcumin)，Didemethoxycurcumin(bisdemethoxycurcumin)。

2. turmeric, the root tuber contains curcumin compounds:curcumin、Demethoxycurcumin、DidemethoxycurcuminThe main components of volatile oil base include Turmerone, AR Turmerone, germacrone, Terpinene, curcumene, AR curcumene, curdione,Curcumol(curcumol)，Cineole(cineole)， Caryophyllene, limonene,LinaloolLinalool, α - pinene, β - pinene, camphene and isoborneol, etc.

3. Curcuma kwangsiensis contains volatile oil, which is mainly composed of - β - pinene,Cineole, borneol（borneol）, isoborneol, syringene, camphor（camphor）, β -elemene, δ -elemene, humulene, α - Terpinene,Linalool, linderazuleneIsocurcumenol(isocurcumenol)， Gweicurulactone, etc. Also containsβ - sitosterol(β-sitosterol)，Carotene(daucosterol) andpalmitic acid(palmitic acid)。

3、 Pharmacological action of Radix Curcumae

1. effect on animal pregnancy:
1.1. termination of pregnancy in mice and rabbits: the experimental mice were nulliparous Kunming adult healthy female mice weighing 28-35g, which were caged with healthy adult male mice. Female rats were examined once a day and found to have vaginal plugs as the first day of pregnancy. Mice were injected intraperitoneally or subcutaneously with tablet turmeric Decoction at 5 or 10g / kg body weight once a day for 2 consecutive days in the early (6-7 days), middle (10-14 days) and late (16-18 days) gestation, respectively. The mice were dissected 1-5 days after drug withdrawal, the development of embryos in utero was examined, and the number of pregnant animals, normal embryos and necrotic embryos were recorded. During the administration period, the vagina of mice was checked twice a day to observe whether there was bleeding. If there was no bleeding in the vagina and no signs of implantation during necropsy, it was not counted. . Healthy female rabbits weighing 2-3kg were used in the experiment. After isolation for 3-4 weeks, they were determined to be nonpregnant. After intramuscular injection of estradiol benzoate 80 μ g, they were mated with two fertile male rabbits 24 hours later. Sperm were detected in the vagina as the first day of pregnancy. At the early (8-10 days), middle (13-15 days) and late (23-25 days) of pregnancy, 4-8g / kg of turmeric decoction was injected intraperitoneally or subcutaneously, once a day, for 2-3 days. The uterus was dissected 3-7 days after drug withdrawal, and the number of embryos was recorded. The results showed that intraperitoneal injection or subcutaneous injection of 8G / kg tablet turmeric decoction could terminate the early and middle pregnancy of rabbits, and make all late pregnant rabbits miscarry.
1.2. effect on the formation of traumatic decidua in mouse uterus: on the fourth day of pseudopregnancy, a silk thread was threaded on the opposite side of the 1 / 3 mesangium in the right uterine horn, and 0.3g of tablet turmeric decoction was injected subcutaneously once a day for two consecutive days. On the 8th day of pseudopregnancy, the animals were sacrificed, and the uterus on both sides was removed. According to the Greenwald method, the difference in the weight of the uterine horns on both sides was taken as the index of decidual tumor formation, and compared with the control group. The results showed that the weight of traumatic uterine decidua of pseudopregnant mice in the control group increased by 499.3% compared with the uterine horn of the control group, while the weight of uterus on the experimental side in the drug group decreased by 1.5%, and the growth of decidua was significantly inhibited. It is concluded that Curcuma longa has obvious anti progesterone activity. . According to the observation in the experiment that tablet Turmeric can make the fetus and placenta of mice and rabbits in the late pregnancy completely discharged or delivered and the above research results, it is believed that the mechanism of action of tablet turmeric in terminating animal pregnancy is probably related to the anti progestogen activity and uterine contraction effect of the drug. .

2. effect on toxic hepatitis: the 50% ethanol extract of turmeric tuber root (1mg / ml) can increase the GPT activity of carbon tetrachloride medium and inhibit it to about 10% of the control group. Taking this GPT activity as an index, the components of curcumin, coumaroylferuloylethane, and di-p-coumaroylmethane, which inhibit carbon tetrachloride hepatocyte damage, were obtained. Their LD50 were 0.11mg / ml, 0.14mg / ml, and 0.25mg / ml, respectively.Glycosamine also significantly inhibited hepatocyte damage. Through the determination of got and GPT, it was proved that p-coumaroylferuloylmethane and di-p-coumaroylmethane isolated from turmeric tubers had significant anti hepatotoxic effects on liver injury induced by carbon tetrachloride and galactosamine in mice and rats, respectively. The toxic hepatitis model of mice was made by carbon tetrachloride method. The effect of volatile oil of Curcuma on its immune function was observed by carbon clearance test, hemolysin determination, and PFC test of splenocytes. The results showed that the content of hemolysin and PFC of splenocytes in the model group were significantly reduced after treatment with volatile oil of Curcuma (P < 0.05, < 0.01). Volatile oil of Curcuma can regulate the humoral immunity of toxic hepatitis mice and has the effect of immunosuppressant.

3. antifungal effect: the antifungal activity of turmeric rhizome volatile oil was measured by filter paper disc diffusion plate method. The results showed that the volatile oil had the greatest inhibitory activity against Penicillium chrysogenum and the least against p.lapagericola. The volatile oil still had sufficient inhibitory effect on most of the tested bacteria after being diluted 1:1000. The volatile oil had no inhibitory effect on M. gypseum and t. mentagrophytes.

4. immune activity: Curcuma polysaccharide has strong activation activity of reticuloendothelial system, and the phagocytic index k is 0.2526.

5. impact on circulation system:
5.1. effects on blood rheology: Curcumin alcohol extract has obvious effects on fibrinogen, and its blood activating effect is related to its reduction of plasma fibrinogen content.
5.2. effect on blood lipids: Curcumin 80mg / kg, once a day, for 40 days, has a significant inhibitory effect on the increase of cholesterol and triglyceride content in serum, aorta and liver of rats. . Xuechunsheng reported that curcumin alcohol extract, volatile oil of Curcuma longa and curcumin all have the effect of reducing plasma cholesterol, β - lipoprotein and triglyceride, and can reduce the content of total cholesterol and triglyceride in aorta, especially the effect of curcumin alcohol extract and curcumin.

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6.1. gastric acid secretion: the gastric acid secretion before oral administration of Yujin decoction was 4.24 ± 0.58mol / L · h, and after oral administration was 10.8 ± 0.93mol / L · H.
6.2. hco3- concentration in duodenal fluid: it was 7.04 ± 5.6mmol / L before injection of Yujin Decoction and 22.4 ± 8.4mmol / L after injection, which increased [HCO3 (-)] in duodenal fluid.
6.3. serum gastrin concentration: the serum gastrin concentration before oral administration of Yujin decoction was 91.27 ± 10.97ng / L, and after oral administration was 98.93 ± 14.27ng / L, the difference was not significant.
6.4. serum secretin concentration: it was 70.36 ± 43.5pg / ml before and 93.4 ± 49.7pg / ml after injection of Yujin decoction. Yujin decoction can stimulate the secretion of secretin and increase the level of serum secretin.
6.5. effect on bile excretion in rats: Curcumin and sodium deoxycholate can significantly increase bile excretion in rats, and sodium deoxycholate has the most significant effect.