1、 Khumbo pharmacopoeia standard This product is the dried leaves of Laminaria japonica aresch., a plant of Laminaria family, or the Laminaria kurome okam., a plant of pterygium family. Harvest in summer and autumn and dry in the sun.
. All are dark brown or greenish brown, with white frost on the surface. When softened with water, it will expand into a flat long strip, 50-150cm long and 10-40cm wide, with a thick middle and a thin wavy edge. Leathery, the remnant handle is oblate columnar. It tastes fishy and salty.
The Laminaria curled and shrunk into irregular clusters. All are black and thin. When softened with water, it will expand into a flat leaf shape, with a length and width of about 16 ~ 26cm and a thickness of about 1.6mm; both sides will be pinnately deeply split, the lobes will be long tongue shaped, and the edges will have small teeth or full margin. .
[identification] (1) this product is thick, swells when soaked in water, and has a slippery surface with transparent mucus attached. Laminaria is Laminaria and Laminaria is Laminaria.
(2) Take about 10g of this product, cut it into pieces, add 200ml of water, soak it for several hours, filter it, and concentrate the filtrate to about 100ml. Take 2 ~ 3ml of concentrated solution, add 1 drop of nitric acid and several drops of silver nitrate test solution, that is, generate yellow emulsion precipitation, which is slightly dissolved in ammonia test solution, but not in nitric acid.
[inspection] the moisture content shall not exceed 16.0% (the second method of general rule 0832).
The total ash content shall not exceed 46% (general rule 2302).
Heavy metals and harmful elements shall be determined according to the determination method of lead, cadmium, arsenic, mercury and copper (general rule 2321 atomic absorption spectrophotometry or inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry), and lead shall not exceed 5mg/kg; Cadmium shall not exceed 4mg/kg; Mercury shall not exceed 0.1mg/kg; Copper shall not exceed 20mg/kg.
[extract] according to the hot leaching method under the determination method of alcohol soluble extract (general rule 2201), the use of ethanol as solvent shall not be less than 7.0%.
[content determination] iodine take about 10g of this product, cut it into pieces, weigh it accurately, place it in a porcelain dish, heat it slowly and ignite it, maintain it for 10 minutes when the temperature rises to 100 ℃, maintain it for 40 minutes when it rises to 400 ～ 500 ℃, take it out and let it cool. . Each 1ml of sodium thiosulfate titrant (0.01mol/l) is equivalent to 0.2115mg of iodine (I).
; The iodine (I) content of Laminaria shall not be less than 0.20%.
Polysaccharide
Preparation of reference solution take an appropriate amount of fucose reference, weigh accurately, add water to make a solution containing 0.12mg per 1ml.
Preparation of standard curve accurately suck 0.2ml, 0.4ml, 0.6ml, 0.8ml, 1.0ml, 1.2ml of the reference solution, place them in 15ml plugged tubes, add water to 2.0ml each, quickly and accurately add 6ml of 0.1% anthrone sulfuric acid solution, shake well immediately, place for 15 minutes, immediately put them in an ice bath to cool for 15 minutes, take them out, take the corresponding reagent as blank, according to the UV visible spectrophotometry (general rule 0401), measure the absorbance at the wavelength of 580nm, take the absorbance as the ordinate and the concentration as the abscissa, and draw the standard curve.
Determination method take about 1g of this product powder (passing through No. 3 sieve), weigh it accurately, place it in a round bottom flask, add 200ml of water, stand for 1 hour, heat and reflux for 4 hours, cool it, transfer it to a 250ml centrifuge cup and centrifuge (with a speed of 9000 RPM) for 30 minutes. Aspirate the supernatant, transfer it to a 250ml volumetric flask, wash the precipitate with a small amount of water for several times, transfer it to a 50ml centrifuge tube, and centrifuge (at a speed of 9000 rpm) for 30 minutes. Suck the supernatant, put it into the same measuring bottle, add water to the scale, and shake well. Accurately measure 5ml of supernatant, place it in a 100ml centrifuge tube, slowly add 75ml of ethanol while stirring, shake it well, place it at 4 ℃ for 12 hours, take it out, centrifuge (rotating speed: 9000 rpm) for 30 minutes, discard the supernatant, add boiling water to dissolve the sediment, cool it, transfer it to a 20ml measuring flask, add water to the scale, shake it well, centrifuge, accurately measure 2ml of supernatant, place it in a 15ml plugged test tube, according to the method under the preparation of the standard curve, from "rapidly and accurately add 6ml of 0.1% anthrone sulfuric acid solution", measure the absorbance according to law, and read the weight of fucose in the test solution from the standard curve.Mg, calculated as.
This product is calculated as dry product, and the laminarin content is calculated as fucose (C6H12O5), which shall not be less than 2.0%.
Decoction pieces
.
[identification], [inspection], [content determination] are the same as those of medicinal materials.
[nature, taste and tropism] salty, cold. .
[functions and indications] it can dissipate phlegm, soft, firm and loose nodules, promote diuresis and reduce swelling. For gall, scrofula, testicular swelling and pain, phlegm and edema.
[usage and dosage] 6 ～ 12g.
[storage] put it in a dry place.

2、 Chemical constituents of Laminaria japonica

Laminaria contains polysaccharide compounds, mainly including three kinds:
One is alginate, which is alginic acid and its sodium, potassium, hinge and calcium salts. Alginic acid is a polymer of β - 1,4-conjugated D-mannuronic acid and α - 1,4-conjugated L-guluronic acid;
Fucoidan, a polysaccharide compound containing sulfate, fucose and other components, is the second;
The third is laminarin, a linear polymer of β -1,3 glucan.
It also contains lipopolysaccharide and three water-soluble arsenic containing sugars. It also contains amino acid components: laminaine, glutamic acid, aspartic acid,L-Proline(L-proline), Alanine, histidine,L-tryptophan(-tryptophane),L-Methionine (L-methionine) et al. Also containsD-Mannitol(D-mannitol), ,palmitic acid(palmitic acid), Oleic acid, linoleic acid, γ - linolenic acid, octadecatetraenoic acid, arachidonic acid,Fucosterol(fucosterl) et al. In addition, it contains volatile oil, including main components: cubenol, hexanal, (E) - 2-hexenal [(E) -2- Hexenal], (E) - 2-hexenol [(E) - 2-hexenol], hexanol, xylene, 1-octen-3-ol, (E, e) - 2,4-heptadienal [(E, e) - 2,4-heptadienal], butylbenzene, (E) - 2-octenal [(E) - 2-octenal], (E) - 2-octenol [(E) - 2-octenol], (e) - 2-octenol], (E, e) - 2,4-octadiene aldehyde [(E, e) - 2,4-octadienal], (E, z) - 2,6-nonadienal [(E, z) - 2,6-nonadienal], (E) - 2-nonenal [(E) - 2-nonenal], α - Terpin EOL), β - cyclocitral, β - homocyclic citral, (E) - 2-decenol [(E) -decenol], (E, e) - 2,4-decadienal [(E, e) - 2,4-decadienal], β - ionone, pentadecadecane, epicubenol, myristic acid, ω - hexadecenol OIC acid), phytol, dibutylphthalide. It also contains carotene, vitamin B1vitaminB2、vitaminC、vitaminP and sulfur, potassium, magnesium, calcium, phosphorus, iron, manganese, molybdenum, iodine, aluminum, phosphate, carbonate, sulfate, etc.

3、 Pharmacological action of Laminaria

1. effect on thyroid gland: the effect is caused by iodine and iodide contained in it. . After iodide enters tissues and blood, it can also promote the absorption of pathological products such as inflammatory exudates, and can collapse and dissolve pathological tissues, so it is generally not used for active tuberculosis. The iodine contained in the Laminaria is absorbed more slowly than pure iodine and potassium iodide, with long retention time in the body and slow discharge.

2. hypotensive effect: laminarin has hypotensive effect. Intravenous injection of laminarin monocitrate to anesthetized rabbits can temporarily reduce blood pressure, which is not blocked by atropine; It did not affect the pressor response induced by occlusion of the bilateral common carotid artery or injection of norepinephrine; In vitro and in vivo tests, it can inhibit the heartbeat amplitude, but does not affect the heartbeat frequency. It has significant inhibitory effect on smooth muscle, such as small intestine and bronchus. ; In isolated rat small intestine, the potency against acetylcholine was 0.8% of that of papaverine. It can enhance the effect of norepinephrine on isolated guinea pig vas deferens. The effect on frog rectus abdominis is very weak. Laminarin monohydrochloride can also depress blood pressure and inhibit isolated rabbit intestine; But it has mild excitatory effect on isolated rabbit heart.

3. hypoglycemic effect: 30ml/kg fucoidan contained in Laminaria has obvious hypoglycemic effect on normal mice. When the dose reaches 100mg/kg, the blood glucose will be reduced by 49% after 7 hours. Sodium alginate has poor hypoglycemic effect, and it is ineffective by gavage. 100mg/kg intraperitoneal injection has obvious hypoglycemic effect. When the dose reaches 300m/kg, the 7-hour blood glucose can be reduced by 38%. For tetraazapyrimidine induced hyperglycemia, fucoidan 300mg/kg gavage reduced blood glucose by 61% after 24 hours; Sodium alginate 300mg/kg was injected intraperitoneally; Blood glucose decreased by 39%, while gavage was ineffective. See seaweed strips for other functions.

. Laminaria polysaccharide has anticoagulant effect in vivo and in vitro, and its anticoagulant activity is 7 heparin u/mg. Because many patients with coronary heart disease have hypercoagulable blood in addition to high blood lipids. Therefore, Laminaria polysaccharide has both hypolipidemic and anticoagulant effects, which has certain clinical significance.

. Therefore, Laminaria polysaccharide may have certain practical significance in preventing hematopoietic tissue damage caused by radiotherapy, stimulating hematopoietic recovery and enhancing the immune function of cancer patients, combined with radiotherapy.

6. other effects: kelp Laminaria fluid extract has a protective effect on rabbits infected with schistosoma cercariae (the decoction is invalid). . The compound (huaaidan) Decoction of seaweed, kelp, scorpion and centipede orally administered to mice has an inhibitory effect on Ehrlich ascites cancer. Laminarin had no effect on ire (ascites type) of reticulosarcoma in rats. Laminarin sulfate m, extracted from L. cloustoni, can remove blood lipids, increase the electrophoretic ability of lipoprotein, and change the distribution of lipoprotein after intravenous injection (human), which is similar to heparin, but the duration is shorter (4-6 hours). . Sodium alginate extracted from kelp has hemostatic effect on animal femoral artery bleeding.