1、 Pharmacopoeia standard of Dangshen in Ming Dynasty
This product is the dried root of Changium Smyrnioides Wolff, an Umbelliferae plant. .
. It is hard and brittle, with horny cross-section. The skin is thin, yellowish white. Some are easy to peel off from the wood, and the wood is white. The air is weak and the taste is light.
[identification] (1) cross section of this product: the cork layer sometimes remains, which is composed of many rows of flat cork cells. The inner layer of the thrombus is narrow, and a few secretory ducts are scattered. Phloem is broad, with many secretory ducts, surrounded by 5-7 secretory cells, containing yellow secretions. The cambium forms a ring. Xylem vessels are scattered singly or clustered in 2-5 groups and arranged radially. Primary xylem bipartite. Parenchyma cells contain a large number of gelatinized starch granules and clumps.
. There are many gelatinized starch granules and clumps, which mostly exist in parenchyma cells. Fragments of the secretory tract are easily seen, containing yellowish brown massive secretions. Annular duct, reticulated duct, wall lignification.
(2) Take 1g of this product powder, add 20ml of dilute ethanol, sonicate for 20 minutes, filter, evaporate the filtrate to dryness, add 1ml of acidic dilute ethanol (adjust the pH value to 2 ～ 3 with dilute hydrochloric acid) to dissolve the residue as the test solution. Another 1g of the control medicinal material of Codonopsis tangshen was prepared into the control medicinal material solution by the same method. . In the chromatogram of the test sample, spots of the same color appear on the corresponding position of the chromatogram of the control medicinal material.
[inspection] the moisture content shall not exceed 13.0% (the second method of general rule 0832).
The total ash content shall not exceed 3.0% (general rule 2302).
[extract] determined according to the cold leaching method under the determination method of water-soluble extract (general rule 2201), it shall not be less than 20.0%.
Decoction pieces
[processing] wash, moisten thoroughly, cut into thick pieces, and dry.
This product is round or quasi round thick film. The skin is yellowish white, smooth or with longitudinal grooves. The cut surface is yellowish white or light brown, translucent, horny, white wood, and some are separated from the skin. The air is weak and the taste is light.
[identification] (except for the transverse section) [inspection] is the same as that of medicinal materials.
[nature, taste and meridian tropism] sweet, slightly bitter, slightly cold. Return to lung, spleen and liver channels.
[functions and indications] it can moisten the lungs and dissipate phlegm, nourish yin and stomach, calm the liver, and detoxify. It is used for cough due to lung heat, vomiting and nausea, dry mouth with less food, red eyes and dizziness, and sores.
[usage and dosage] 6 ～ 12g.
[storage] store in a ventilated and dry place, damp proof and mothproof.

2、 Chemical constituents of Codonopsis tangshen

The root contains 0.08% volatile oil, of which the main component is methyl-6,9-octadecadiynoate, accounting for 52.48% of the total oil, and also contains β - pinene,Nerolidol（nerolidol)， Nerylpropionate, dodecylacetate, 1-tetradecanolacetate, 1,7,7-trimethylbicyclo [2.2]. 1] - 2-heptene [1, 7, 7-trimethyl-bicycol [2.2.1] hipt-2-ene], 1, 2, 4a, 5, 6, 8a-hexahydro-4, 7-dimethyl-1-isopropyl naphthalene [1, 2, 4a, 5, 6, 8a-hexahydro-4, 7-dimethyl-1 - (1-methyl) naphthalene], decahydro-1, 6-bis (methylene) - 4-isopropyl naphthalene [decahydro-1, 6-bis - (methyl-4- (1-methyl) sodium], 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7-hexahydro-1-hexahydro-1h-2-indenol (2,3,4,5,6, -hex-ahyldro-1h-inden-2-ol), etc. [1]. It also contains 0.68% free fatty oil and 0.67% bound fatty oil; The main free fatty acids are 9,11-octadecadienic acid and 6-phenylnonanoic acid,palmitic acid(palmitic acid) et al; The main binding fatty acids are 2-hydroxy-1-methyl-9,12-octadecenoic acid, 2-methylhexadecanoic acid, hexadecenoic acid, 5-benzocy-clooctenol, stearic acid, linoleic acid, etc. It also contains phospholipids, including phosphatidic acid and phosphatidylcholine; The fatty acids bound in phospholipids arepalmitic acid, 9,11-octadecadienoic acid, 10 octadecenoic acid, 15 methylhexadecanoic acid, octanoic acid, etc. It also contains Changium smyrnioides polysaccharide CSP with a relative molecular mass of 52000, which is composed of rhamnose, arabinose, xylose, mannose, galactose and glucose, with a massage ratio of 0.09:0.25:0.17:1.0:1.56:11.94 [4]. It also contains a large amount of γ -aminobutyric acid, a high amount of aspartic acid andL-arginine（L-arginine)， withL-threonine（L-threonine)，L-lysine（L-lysine)，L-Methionine （L-me-thionine)，L-valine （L-alanine)， Ornithine, glutamic acid,l-serine (L-serine) and other 20 amino acids; There are 18 kinds of trace elements necessary or beneficial to human body, such as calcium, cobalt, copper, chromium, iron, germanium, lithium, magnesium, manganese, molybdenum, sodium, nickel, phosphorus, selenium, zinc, barium, etc.

3、 Pharmacological effects of mingdangshen

1. effect on immune function: lupingcheng et al reported that after intraperitoneal injection of 0.5ml of 1:10 mingdangshen Decoction in mice, NK activity of splenocytes increased significantly 24 hours later. In vitro, high concentration of mingdangshen Decoction (l:10) significantly inhibited NK activity, while lower concentration (1:160-1:640) promoted NK activity. Further experiments showed that the promoting effect of mingdangshen on NK activity in mice partially depended on the presence of adherent cells. Chenjianwei et al reported that mice were orally administered with 15g/kg mingdangshen Decoction and 30mg / kg mingdangshen polysaccharide for four times, with an interval of 12 hours for the first time and once every 8 hours thereafter. Peritoneal macrophages of mice were collected 36 hours later for C3b receptor detection. The results showed that both mingdangshen Decoction and polysaccharide could significantly increase the YC rosette formation rate of peritoneal macrophages in normal mice, which was 42.414 ± 3.08 in the control group, 55.573 ± 3.428 in the mingdangshen Decoction group (P < 0.001), and 51.039 ± 2.724 in the mingdangshen polysaccharide group (P < 0.001). It is clear that Codonopsis pilosula can promote NK activity in mice, activate the CB receptor of macrophages, and enhance the ability of the body to prevent cancer and infection.

2. anti lipid peroxide effect: wuhuiping et al reported that the ethyl acetate, acetone and methanol extracts of Codonopsis tangshen had obvious inhibitory effect on the generation of lipid peroxide in the supernatant of rat liver homogenate in vitro, and the methanol extract had the strongest effect.