Shiwei
1、 Pharmacopoeia standard of Shiwei       This product is the polypodial plant Pyrrosia sheareri (bak.) ching, Pyrrosia lingua (thunb.) farwell or Pyrrosia tangutica
      Dried leaves of pyrossia petiolosa (Christ) Ching. It can be harvested all year round, and the rhizomes and roots are removed, dried in the sun or in the shade.
      [character] the leaves of Pyrrosia glabra are slightly shrunken, lanceolate after flattening, 10 ～ 25cm long and 3 ～ 5cm wide. The apex is gradually pointed, the base is ear shaped and skewed, full margin, and the edge often curls inward; The upper surface is yellowish green or grayish green, with scattered black circular pits; The lower surface is densely covered with reddish brown stellate hairs, and some lateral veins are covered with brown dot shaped sporangium groups. The petiole is quadrangular, 10 ～ 20cm long, 1.5 ～ 3mm in diameter, slightly twisted, with longitudinal grooves. The leaves are leathery. The breath is slight, and the taste is slightly astringent and bitter.
      Shiwei   The leaves are lanceolate or oblong lanceolate, 8 ～ 12cm long and 1 ～ 3cm wide. The base is cuneate and symmetrical. The sporangium groups are closely and neatly arranged between the lateral veins. The petiole is 5 ～ 10cm long and 1.5mm in diameter
      Stiletto   The leaves are mostly curly in tube shape, oblong or ovoid oblong after flattening, 3 ～ 8cm long and 1 ～ 2.5cm wide. The base is cuneate and symmetrical; The lateral veins on the lower surface are not obvious and are covered with sporangia groups. .
      [identification] the powder of this product is yellowish brown. The 7-12 cells in the stellate hair body are radially arranged into upper and lower rounds, each cell is lanceolate, the top is sharp, and some surfaces have longitudinal or irregular reticular texture; . The sporangium is ringed with cells, which are oblate on the surface. The spores are oval in polar view, kidney shaped in equatorial view, and have warty protrusions on the outer wall. The epidermal cells under the leaves are polygonal, the vertical walls are bead like thickened, and the stomata are round. The fibers are long fusiform, and the cell cavity is filled with reddish brown or brown lumps.
      ; Not more than 3% (general rule 2301).
      Moisture   Not more than 13.0% (the second method of general rule 0832).
      Total ash   .
      [extract] according to the hot leaching method under the alcohol soluble extract determination method (general rule 2201), the use of dilute ethanol as solvent shall not be less than 18.0%.
      [content determination] determine according to HPLC (general rule 0512).
      ; Octadecylsilane bonded silica gel was used as filler; The mobile phase was acetonitrile-0.5% phosphoric acid solution (11:89); The detection wavelength is 326nm. The number of theoretical plates should not be less than 2000 according to the chlorogenic acid peak.
      Preparation of reference solution   .
      Preparation of test solution   Take about 0.2g of this product powder (passing through No. 2 screen), weigh it accurately, place it in a corked conical flask, add 25ml of 50% methanol precisely, weigh it, sonicate (power 300W, frequency 25kHz) for 45 minutes, cool it, weigh it again, make up the lost weight with 50% methanol, shake it well, filter it, and take the filtrate.
      .
      The content of chlorogenic acid (c16h18o9) in this product shall not be less than 0.20% calculated as dry product.
      Decoction pieces
      [processing] remove impurities, wash, segment, dry, and screen out fines.
      This product is in the form of silk strips. The upper surface is yellowish green or grayish brown, and the lower surface is densely covered with reddish brown stellate hairs. Sporangium groups are covered with sporangium groups between the lateral veins or on the lower surface. Leaf entire. The leaves are leathery. The breath is slight, and the taste is slightly astringent and bitter.
      .
      [nature, taste and meridian tropism] sweet, bitter, slightly cold. Return to lung and bladder meridian.
      [functions and indications] diuresis and gonorrhea, lung clearing, cough relieving, blood cooling and hemostasis. It is used for heat drenching, blood drenching, stone drenching, urine obstruction, drenching pain, lung heat, asthma and cough, hematemesis, bleeding, urine blood, metrorrhagia and metrorrhagia.
      [usage and dosage] 6 ～ 12g.
      .


2、 Chemical constituents of Shiwei
,Mangiferin（mangiferin），Isomangiferin（isomangiferin），chlorogenic acid（chlorogenic acid），β - sitosterol（β-sitosterol）。 From the leaves:Kaempferol（kaempferol），quercetin （quercetin），Isoquercitrin（isoquercitrin），Trifolin（trifolin），chlorogenic acid，β - sitosterol, sucrose.
2. the whole herb of Mount Lushan Shiwei contains ribalene,Mangiferin，Vanillic acid（vanillic acid），Protocatechuic acid（protocatechuic acid），Fumarate（fumaric acid），caffeic acid（caffeic acid），β - sitosterol, sucrose,Isomangiferin，chlorogenic acid。
3. whole herb of Shiwei, North China containschlorogenic acid。
4. the whole herb of Eupatorium odoratum containschlorogenic acidBeijing producer also includesMangiferinWhile Sichuan producers do not includeMangiferin。


3、 Pharmacological action of Shiwei
1. Lushan Shiwei: 1.1. antitussive, expectorant and antiasthmatic effects: oral administration of Lushan Shiwei extract 101 (water decoction concentrate), 410, 411, 1A mother and crystal 1 to mice has obvious antitussive effects (sulfur dioxide induced cough method), but none of them is as good as codeine. According to the ratio of the median lethal dose and the effective antitussive dose in mice, 410 has obvious antitussive effect with 1 / 10 of the median lethal dose, and its potency is higher than that of the original drug and other ingredients. Oral administration of 410 and intraperitoneal injection of 410, 411, 411-1c, 1A mother and crystal 4 in mice had obvious expectorant effect (phenol red method). . However, all extracts had no obvious antiasthmatic effect (guinea pig histamine spray method).
1.2. therapeutic effect on chronic tracheitis in rats: after stimulation with sulfur dioxide to produce chronic tracheitis, take 410 orally every day for 10 days as a course of treatment, a total of two courses of treatment. The volume of serous gland and mucus gland acini in the medication group was smaller than that in the control group, and the goblet cells of both large and small bronchus were less than that in the control group, especially in the small bronchus. This is consistent with the phenomenon of sputum reduction after medication in clinic. . Whether Shiwei Lushan has nonspecific anti-inflammatory effect needs further study.
2. Shiwei with handle: 2.1. antitussive and antiasthmatic effect: the extract of Shiwei from Lushan Mountain (water decoction) and isomangiferin have obvious antitussive effect in mice orally (sulfur dioxide induced cough method), but the effect is less obvious than that of codeine. The ethanol extract after the decoction and concentration of Shiwei with stalks is adjusted to pH = 9 with lime milk. The filtrate passes through cation and anion exchange resins, flows out and evaporates to dryness under concentrated pressure to obtain concentrated No. I. the anion is washed with 5% sodium hydroxide, and the eluent is neutralized, frozen, desalted, and evaporated to dryness to obtain concentrated No. II. Oral administration of concentrated No.1 and No.2 in mice has obvious antitussive effect (ammonia spray induced cough method), and the antitussive effect of No.1 is similar to that of codeine. According to pharmacological screening, fumarate 2g/kg, caffeic acid 0.3g/kg, or isomangiferin 0.8g/kg by gavage have antitussive effect on SO2 induced cough in mice. According to the phenol red test in mice, isomangiferin 0.4g/kg or caffeic acid 0.8g/kg intraperitoneal injection or isomangiferin 3.1g/kg gavage have expectorant effect, but Lushan Shiwei Decoction concentrate 15g / kg intraperitoneal injection and 50g / kg gavage have no expectorant effect, which may be due to insufficient dose. It can also reduce the secretion of bronchial fluid.
2.2. antibacterial effect: 100% Shiwei decoction has inhibitory effect on Staphylococcus aureus and Proteus by using the plate drilling method.
2.3. anti pathogenic microorganism effect: isomangiferin has significant anti herpes simplex virus effect. On primary human embryonic myoderm monolayer cell culture, 25-250ug/ml of isomangiferin can significantly inhibit hsv-i-induced cytopathic changes by directly acting with HSV-I, at the same time of virus thanks, and by first infecting the disease and then administering it or first administering it and then infecting it. At the same concentration, its effect is stronger than that of other drugs; Isoapoptotic glycoside > iodoside > acyclic guanosine > apoptotic glycoside > Cyclocytidine (the average plaque reduction rates were 69.5%, 67.6%, 63.3%, 56.8% and 56.6%, respectively). The kinetic study of preventing virus replication showed that isomangiferin 2.4. other effects: Shiwei can enhance the phagocytic activity of phagocytes in the body, and has some anti-cancer effects. Shiwei was leached by hot water and then freeze-dried. When the concentration was 750mg / ml of the sample, the inhibition rate of prostaglandin biosynthesis was 42% in the in vitro test.