Trichosanthes kirilowii
1、 Pharmacopoeia standard of Fructus Trichosanthis       . When the fruit is ripe in autumn, the fruit stalk is cut off and placed in a ventilated place to dry in the shade.
      [properties] the product is quasi spherical or wide oval, 7-15cm long and 6-10cm in diameter. The surface is orange red or orange yellow, wrinkled or smooth, with round style residues at the top, slightly pointed at the base, and residual fruit stalks. The weight varies. It is brittle and easy to break. The inner surface is yellowish white, with red and yellow silks. The pulp is orange yellow, sticky, and agglomerates with most seeds. It has Caramel smell and tastes slightly sour and sweet.
      [identification] (1) the powder of this product is yellowish brown to tan. There are many stone cells, several in groups or scattered individually, yellowish green or light yellow, square like, round polygonal, fine and dense pits, fine and obvious pore grooves. The epidermal cells of pericarp are square or polygonal on the surface, and the thickness of the vertical wall is different. The surface of seed coat epidermal cells is polygonal or irregular, with slightly curved or straight cuticular stripes on the pericarp. Sclerenchymal cells are large, scattered, brown, and diverse in shape. .
      (2) Take 2G of this product powder, add 20ml of methanol, sonicate for 20 minutes, filter, volatilize the filtrate, add 5ml of water to dissolve the residue, shake and extract with water saturated n-butanol for four times, 5ml each time, combine the n-butanol solution, evaporate, add 2ml of methanol to dissolve the residue as the test solution. Another 2G of Trichosanthes kirilowii reference medicinal material was prepared into the reference medicinal material solution by the same method. According to the test of thin-layer chromatography (general rule 0502), suck 4 µ l of each of the above two solutions, dot them on the same silica gel G thin-layer plate, use ethyl acetate methanol formic acid water (12:1:0.1:0.1) as the developing agent, develop, take out, dry, spray 10% sulfuric acid ethanol solution, heat at 105 ℃ until the spots are clear. Place them under sunlight and ultraviolet light (365nm) respectively for inspection. In the chromatogram of the test sample, spots or fluorescent spots of the same color appear at the corresponding positions of the chromatogram of the control medicinal material.
      [check] moisture   Not more than 16.0% (the second method of general rule 0832).
      Total ash   .
      [extract] determined by the hot leaching method under the determination method of water-soluble extract (general rule 2201), it shall not be less than 31.0%.
      Decoction pieces
      [processing] flatten, shred or cut into pieces.
      This product is irregular silk or lumpy. The outer surface is orange red or orange yellow, wrinkled or smooth; The inner surface is yellowish white, with red yellow silks, and the pulp is orange yellow, which is bonded with most seeds. .
      [identification], [inspection], [extract] are the same as that of medicinal materials.
      [nature, taste and tropism] sweet, slightly bitter, cold. .
      [functions and indications] it can clear away heat and phlegm, widen the chest and disperse nodules, moisten dryness and smooth the intestine. It is used for cough due to lung heat, turbid and yellow phlegm, chest pain, chest fullness, breast carbuncle, lung carbuncle, intestinal carbuncle, and constipation.
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      [storage] store in a cool and dry place to prevent mold and moth.


2、
⑴ Trichosanthes kirilowii seed contains saponins, organic acids and their salts, resins, fatty oils and pigments. The amount of fatty oil imitation is 26%, of which saturated fatty acids account for 30%, unsaturated fatty acids account for 66.5%, and trichosanic acid is the main. In addition, the seed oil also contains androgic acid, which may be a special component of Trichosanthes seed oil. The oil also contained four △ 5-terpenoids and six △ 7-terpenoids, which were identified asCampesterol. And they were assigned to stigmasterol.

⑵ Trichosanthes kirilowii fruit contains triterpene saponins, organic acids, resins, sugars and pigments. Seeds contain fatty oil. The protein contained in the fruit is different from that contained in the root trichosanthin. See trichosanthin vermicelli. Trichosanthes kirilowii fruit contains saponins, organic acids and their salts, resins, fatty oils, pigments, sugars, as well asL-arginine、L-lysine, alanine saltL-valine 、L-isoleucine、l-leucine 、glycineAnd alkaloid like substances, the latter containing multiple monomers. Pericarp containspalmitic acid, xylic acid, wax acid, montanic acid, honey acid, l- (mono) - α - palmitic acid glyceride   , △ 7-stigmasterol, △ 7-stigmasterone-3 and △ 7-stigmasterol-3 - β - D-glucopyranose. It also contains potassium, sodium, calcium, magnesium, copper, zinc, iron, molybdenum, chromium and other metal elements.

Trichosanthes kirilowii ⑶ the content of lauric acid and myristic acid in Trichosanthes kirilowii peel is much higher than that in Trichosanthes sinensis peel, while the content of stearic acid in Trichosanthes kirilowii peel is much lower than that in Trichosanthes sinensis peel. The peel of Trichosanthes kirilowii also contains 7-stigmasterol (△ 7-stigmasterol), 7-stigmasterol - β - d-glucopyranoside (△ 7-stigmasterol - β - d-glucopyranoside), β - spinasterol, a group of saturated fatty alcohol mixture dominated by docosanol and te tracosanol, and a group of saturated fatty acid mixture dominated by lauryl palmitate, stearic acid and docosanoic acid. It also contains threonine,l-serine （serine），glycine（glycine（，L-alanine（alanine）， Cysteine,L-valine （valine），L-Methionine （methion-ine），L-isoleucine（isoleucine），l-leucine （leucine），l-tyrosine （tyrosine)，L-phenylalanine（phenylalanine)，L-lysine（lysine)，l-his （histidine），L-arginine.

⑷ Trichosanthes kirilowii is rich in oil, which contains about 26% of fatty oil, 30% of saturated fatty acids in the base, and 66.5% of unsaturated fatty acids. Trichosanic acid is the main component. Two kinds of glycerides with antithrombotic effect were isolated from seeds: 1-tri-chosanoyl-2-linoleoyl-2,3-dilnoloyl-glycerin and 1,3-ditrichosanoyl-2-linoleoyl-glycerin. Seed oil contains a variety of sterol components:Campesterol（campesterol），Stigmasterol（stigmasterol）， ,β - sitosterol（β-sitosterol)， 7,22-stigmatadien-3-ol, 7,25-stigmatadien-3-ol, 7,24-stigmatadien-3-ol, 7,24-stigmatadien-3-ol, 7,22,25-stigmatadien-3-ol, 7,22,25-stigmatadien-3-ol, 7,22,25-stigmata-trien-3-ol, 7,25-stigmatadienol, etc. The seeds also contain triterpenoids: Trichosanthes terpene diol (karounidiol), Trichosanthes terpene diol-3-benzoate (karounidios benzoate), 7-oxodihydrodaronidiol (7-oxodihydrodaronidiol), 5-dehydroka-rounidiol (5-dehydroka-rounidiol). It also contains a variety of amino acids, including glutamic acid,L-arginine（arginine），L-aspartic acid (aspartic acid) andl-leucine (leucine) content was higher. It also contains a trichokirin that can inactivate ribosomes.

3、 Pharmacological effects of Fructus Trichosanthis
Antibacterial and anticancer effects

. The aqueous extract (1:2) also had different degrees of inhibition on some skin fungi in vitro. In vitro, the whole Trichosanthes kirilowii Decoction (20% Decoction) had a lethal effect on ascites cancer cells. And some people think that both Trichosanthes kirilowii peel and Trichosanthes kirilowii kernel are effective, but the former is better. Seed shell and fatty oil are ineffective. Alcohol and ether extracts are also effective. 60% alcohol extract had the best effect in vitro. However, in animal tests, its effect is not significant and stable; .

Expectorant effect

Animal experiments showed that the total amino acids isolated from the wilted skin of melon had a good expectorant effect.

Purgative action

Melon baskets contain purgative substances, which have a purgative effect. The effect of Trichosanthes kirilowii peel was weak; ; Trichosanthes frost is used as a relief.

Effect on cardiovascular system

The water decocting alcohol precipitating concentrate of gualaopi (35%) and Zi (65%) and the injection made of the part of gualoupi extract obtained by cation resin exchange (Gualou injection for short) have the effect of dilating coronary artery in isolated guinea pig heart, and the latter is more significant. When the crude drug content in 1ml perfusate was 2.5 or 50mg, the coronary flow could be increased by 55% or 71%, respectively. Similar results were obtained in the ex vivo free heart test. Trichosanthes kirilowii injection has obvious protective effect on acute myocardial ischemia induced by Pituitrin in rats; And it can significantly improve the tolerance of mice to normobaric and hypobaric hypoxia; For mice given isoproterenol subcutaneously in advance, it can also improve the survival rate under low-pressure hypoxia, but it does not prolong the sleep time of scobarbital sodium in mice, suggesting that its role in improving hypoxia tolerance is independent of the central nervous system. The effects of different parts of Trichosanthes kirilowii on crown enlargement were as follows: Trichosanthes kirilowii > Trichosanthes kirilowii cream > Fructus Trichosanthis > Fructus Trichosanthis > Fructus Trichosanthis shell.

Anti ulcer effect

. In the experiment of pylorus ligation in rats, tke500 and 1000mg/kg significantly decreased gastric acid secretion and gastric acid concentration in rats, while 100mg/lgtke increased the above indicators. Tke (100, 500, 1000mg/kg) had inhibitory effect on the ulcer caused by ligation of pylorus, and the inhibitory rates were 44.4%, 68.2%, 84.1%, respectively. The same dose of tke reduced the gastric injury induced by water immersion method in rats by 16.5%, 51% and 66.9%, respectively. Although the gastric mucosal damage caused by histamine was alleviated, the difference was not significant. Tke at 500mg/kg and 1000mg/kg could protect the gastric mucosa injury induced by serotonin, and the inhibition rates were 59.1% and 63.6%, respectively. . In addition, tke can also cure gastric ulcer caused by acetic acid. In vitro, 2.5 × 10 (-3) g/kg and 1.0 × 10 (-2) g/kg tke significantly relaxed the contraction of ileum induced by acetylcholine in mice. The results showed that higher dose of tke had the effect of inhibiting gastric acid secretion and anti ulcer, and tke could alleviate the ulcer caused by acetic acid, indicating that tke may have the effect of treating chronic ulcer.

Anti aging effect

; 0.01); At 40-45 days, the number of offspring flies in the control group was 4.9 ± 1.6, while that in the Trichosanthes group was 25.5 ± 1.8 (P < 0.01). The results showed that Trichosanthes kirilowii could significantly enhance the fecundity of Drosophila melanogaster and delay its degeneration with age.