Pinellia ternata
1、 Pharmacopoeia standard of Pinellia ternata       . Dig in summer and autumn, wash, remove the skin and fibrous roots, and dry in the sun.
      [properties] this product is quasi spherical, some slightly skewed, with a diameter of 1-1.5cm „ the surface is white or light yellow, with concave stem marks on the top, and dotted root marks around it; . It is solid in quality, white in cross section and rich in powder. It has slight air, spicy taste, tingling tongue and stinging throat.
      [identification] (1) the powder of this product is white. ; The compound granule is composed of 2-6 fractions. Calcium oxalate needle crystal bundles exist in oval mucus cells or are scattered everywhere. The needle crystal is 20-144 µ m long. The diameter of the threaded catheter is 10-24 µ M.
      (2) . In addition, take arginine control sample, alanine control sample, valine control sample, leucine control sample, add 70% methanol to make a mixed solution containing 1mg per 1ml as the control solution. Test according to thin-layer chromatography (general rule 0502), suck 5 µ l of the test solution and 1 µ l of the control solution, dot them on the same silica gel G thin-layer plate respectively, develop them with n-butanol glacial acetic acid water (8:3:1), take them out, dry them, spray ninhydrin test solution, heat them at 105 ℃ until the spots are clear. In the chromatogram of the test sample, spots with the same color appear at the corresponding position of the chromatogram of the control sample.
      (3) Take 1g of this product powder, add 10ml of ethanol, heat and reflux for 1 hour, filter, and concentrate the filtrate to 0.5ml as the test solution. . According to the test of thin-layer chromatography (general rule 0502), suck 5 µ l of each of the above two solutions, dot them on the same silica gel G thin-layer plate, use petroleum ether (60 ～ 90 ℃) - ethyl acetate acetone formic acid (30:6:4:0.5) as the developing agent, develop, take out, dry, spray 10% sulfuric acid ethanol solution, heat at 105 ℃ until the spots are clear. In the chromatogram of the test sample, spots of the same color appear on the corresponding position of the chromatogram of the control medicinal material.
      [check] moisture   Not more than 14.0% (the second method of general rule 0832).
      Total ash   Not more than 4.0% (general rule 2302).
      [extract] determined by the cold leaching method under the determination method of water-soluble extract (general rule 2201), it shall not be less than 9.0%.
      [content determination] take about 5g of this product powder (passing through No. 4 screen), accurately weigh it, put it into a conical flask, add 50ml of ethanol, heat and reflux for 1 hour, operate as above, repeat extraction twice, cool it, filter it, combine the filtrate, evaporate it to dryness, precisely add 10ml of sodium hydroxide titrant (0.1mol/l), sonicate (power 500W, frequency 40KHz) for 30 minutes, transfer it to a 50ml measuring flask, add newly boiled cold water to the scale, shake it evenly, accurately measure 25ml, measure it according to the potentiometric titration method (general rule 0701), titrate it with hydrochloric acid titrant (0.1mol/l), and use the titration result with blank test correction. .
      This product is calculated as dry product, and the total acid content is calculated as succinic acid (C4H6O4), which shall not be less than 0.25%.
      Decoction pieces
      [processing] raw Pinellia ternata   Mash when needed.
      [nature, taste and meridian tropism] pungent and warm; . Return to spleen, stomach and lung meridians.
      [functions and indications] dry dampness and dissipate phlegm, reduce adverse reactions and stop vomiting, eliminate pimples and disperse nodules. It is used for damp phlegm, cold phlegm, cough and asthma, dizziness and palpitation of phlegm, wind phlegm dizziness, phlegm syncope and headache, vomiting and nausea, chest and epigastric stuffiness, plum nucleus gas; .
      [usage and dosage] for oral use, it is generally used after processing, 3-9g. For external use, apply appropriate amount, grind juice, smear or grind powder, and apply it to the affected area with wine.
      [note] it should not be used with Aconitum carmichaeli, Radix Aconiti carmichaeli, Radix Aconiti carmichaeli and aconite; Be careful when taking raw products orally.
      [storage] store in a ventilated and dry place to prevent moths.


2、 Chemical constituents of Pinellia ternata
The tuber contains volatile oil, and the main components are 3-acetamino-5-methylisoxazole, butyl ethylene ether, 3-methyleicosane, hexadecendioic acid, methyl-2-chloropropenoate, anethole, benzaldehyde, 1,5-pentadiol, 2-methylpyrazine (2-methylpyrazine), citcmlibal, 1-octene, . It also contains ephedrine, choline, β - sitosterol, daucosterol, homogenic acid, Protocatechualdehyde, shogaol, baicalin, baicalein, gingerol, 1,2,3,4,6-penta-o-galloylglucose, 12,13-epoxy -9-hydroxynonadecane-7, 10-dienoic acid and its derivatives. It also contains amino acids mainly composed of α - and β - aminobutyric acid, aspartic acid and inorganic elements mainly composed of calcium, iron, aluminum, magnesium, manganese, thallium, phosphorus, etc. It also contains polysaccharides, amylose, Pinellia ternata protein (a plant lectin) and trypsin inhibitors.

3、
1. antitussive effect: the decoction of raw Pinellia ternata, ginger Pinellia ternata, ginger soaked Pinellia ternata and alum Pinellia ternata, 0.6-1g/kgig or IV, has obvious antitussive effect on the cough caused by iodine solution injected into the chest or electrical stimulation of the superior laryngeal nerve in cats, and can maintain for more than 5 hours. The antitussive effect of 0.6g/kg is close to that of codeine lmg/kg.
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3. antiemetic and emetic effects: various preparations prepared by heating Pinellia ternata or adding alum and ginger juice have certain antiemetic effects on vomiting caused by dehydrated morphine, digitalis and copper sulfate. .
4. anti fertility effect: Pinellia ternata protein 1.25mg/ml (in 0.9%nacl) sc0.2ml can inhibit the pregnancy of early pregnant mice by 50%. After denaturation with 6m guanidine hydrochloride, the crystalline Pinellia ternata protein was dialyzed step by step (i.e. diluting the denaturant with equal volume of buffer), and finally the balance of Pinellia ternata protein in normal saline was restored. After removing the denaturant, it could be re naturalized and its original vitality was restored. The pregnancy inhibition rate of different reversal conditions of restored Pinellia ternata protein against early pregnancy in mice is 69-88%, and only one reversal condition of 5-8 ℃ has a pregnancy inhibition rate of 36%. The specific binding of Pinellia ternata protein to endometrial, glandular epithelial cells and some cell clusters on the cone of embryonic ectodermal disc was revealed by horseradish peroxidase labeling. These sites are likely to be the anti pregnancy sites of the exogenous protein Pinellia ternata protein. If Pinellia ternata protein is directly injected into the uterine cavity of mice, it also shows that it has anti early pregnancy effect. If the binding site mentioned above is indeed Pinellia ternata protein, which affects the implanted endometrium and embryos of mice and produces anti early pregnancy effect, the above site may also play the role of implantation recognition, because Pinellia ternata protein can not only terminate early pregnancy of mice, but also prevent implantation of rabbit blastocysts. Pinellia ternata protein also has a strong anti implantation effect on rabbit blastocysts. The anti implantation rate reached 100% when 500ug was injected into the uterus. The endometrium after the action of Pinellia ternata protein can make the transplanted normal blastocyst non implantation. When the blastocysts incubated with Pinellia ternata protein were transplanted into the synchronous pseudopregnant uterus, the implantation rate decreased with the incubation time.
. The weight inhibition ratios of the inhibitors to hydrolyzed amide, ester, hemoglobin and casein of porcine trypsin were 1:0.71, 1:0.88, 1:0.71 and 1:0.71, respectively. Judging from the range of chemical molecular size, Pinellia ternata trypsin inhibitor should be a macromolecular inhibitor. 6. pharmacological effects of processed products: when the water decoction of Pinellia ternata Thunb (prepared according to the Chinese Pharmacopoeia 85 Edition) with a concentration of 200% and a dose of 26.5ml/kg was administered for prevention, it had obvious antagonistic effect on barium chloride induced ventricular arrhythmia in rats (p< 0.05). Mice ip60g/kg had a significant effect on spontaneous activity (p< 0.05). Ip15g/kg or 30g/kg could significantly increase the sleep rate of pentobarbital sodium subthreshold hypnotic dose (p< 0.05). And there was a trend to prolong the sleep time of pentobarbital sodium, but there was no statistical significance. High dose has a slight antagonistic tendency to electric convulsion. 30ml/kg Ig could significantly inhibit the secretion of (p< 0.05) pilocarpine nitrate 5mg/kg on saliva.
7. other functions: 7.1 Antihypertensive effect: Pinellia extract has inhibitory effect on isolated wow heart and rabbit heart. IV has a transient hypotensive effect on dogs, cats and rabbits, and has a rapid tolerance. The function of adrenal cortex in mice was mildly stimulated by Ig decoction. If given continuously, it can cause functional inhibition.
. In addition to immune erythrocytes, it also agglutinates erythrocytes of sheep, dogs, cats, guinea pigs, rats, mice and pigeons. But it does not agglutinate the red blood cells of human, monkey, pig, chicken, duck, goose, turtle, toad and eel. Pinellia ternata protein is the only known lectin protein that only binds mannose but not glucose. In addition to red blood cells, Pinellia ternata protein also agglutinates other cells. Pinellia ternata protein can agglutinate mouse splenocytes, human liver cancer cells (qgy7703-3 and 7402), Ehrlich ascites cancer and ascites type liver cancer cells, but it does not agglutinate rat epididymis and porcine omental adipocytes, although it can bind to these two cells. It is suggested that the cell agglutination of Pinellia ternata protein is not only animal species specific but also cell type specific.
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