Aconitum carmichaeli
1、 Pharmacopoeia standard of ebony       This product is the dried root of Lindera aggregata (SIMS) Kos term. It can be dug all year round, removed fine roots, washed, sliced while fresh, dried in the sun, or directly dried in the sun.
      [properties] this product is mostly spindle shaped, slightly curved, and some of the middle part shrinks into a continuous bead shape, with a length of 6-15CM and a diameter of 1-3cm. The surface is yellowish brown or yellowish brown, with longitudinal wrinkles and sparse fine root marks. It is hard. The slice is 0.2 ~ 2mm thick, and the cut surface is yellowish white or yellowish brown. The rays are radial, and the ring pattern of tree rings can be seen, and the center color is dark. It is fragrant, slightly bitter and pungent, with a cool feeling.
      The taproot, which is old and not spindle shaped, cannot be used for medicine.
      [identification] (1) the powder of this product is yellowish white. There are many starch grains, single grain spherical, oblong or ovoid, with a diameter of 4-39 μ m, umbilical point forked, herringbone shaped or crack shaped; Compound granules are composed of 2-4 fractions. The wood fibers are light yellow, mostly in bundles, with a diameter of 20-30 μ m, a wall thickness of about 5 μ m, single pits, and starch granules in the cell cavity. Phloem fibers are nearly colorless, long fusiform, mostly scattered individually, with a diameter of 15-17 μ m, extremely thick wall, and no obvious pore groove. The diameter of the vessels with marginal pits is about 68 μ m, and the marginal pits are closely arranged. . The oil cells are oblong and contain Brown secretions.
      (2) Take 1g of this product powder, add 30ml of petroleum ether (30 ～ 60 ℃), place for 30 minutes, sonicate (keep the water temperature below 30 ℃) for 10 minutes, filter, volatilize the filtrate, add 1ml of ethyl acetate to dissolve the residue, and use it as the test solution. Take another 1g of the control medicinal material of ebony and prepare the control medicinal material solution by the same method. Then take the reference substance of aconite ether lactone and dissolve it with ethyl acetate to make a solution containing 0.75mg per 1ml as the reference solution. . .
      [check] moisture   Not more than 11.0% (the fourth method of general rule 0832).
      Total ash   Not more than 4.0% (general rule 2302).
      Acid insoluble ash   Not more than 2.0% (general rule 2302).
      [extract] according to the hot leaching method under the alcohol soluble extract determination method (general rule 2201), 70% ethanol shall be used as solvent, which shall not be less than 12.0%.
      [content determination] Aconitum ether lactone   It was determined by high performance liquid chromatography (general rule 0512).
      Chromatographic conditions and system suitability test octadecylsilane bonded silica gel was used as filler; Acetonitrile water (56:44) was used as mobile phase; The detection wavelength was 235nm. The number of theoretical plates should not be less than 2000 according to the peak of aconitine ether lactone.
      Preparation of reference solution   .
      Preparation of test solution   Take about 1g of crude powder of this product, weigh it accurately, put it into Soxhlet extractor, add 50ml of ether, extract for 4 hours, volatilize the extract, and dissolve the residue in methanol in several times Transfer to a 50ml volumetric flask, add methanol to the scale, shake well, filter, and take the continued filtrate.
      Assay   Precisely suck 10 μ l of the reference solution and 10 μ l of the test solution respectively, inject them into the liquid chromatograph, and determine.
      This product is calculated as a dry product, and the content of aconite ether lactone (c15h16o4) shall not be less than 0.030%.
      Norisoboldine   Determine according to high-performance liquid chromatography (general rule 0512).
      ; Octadecylsilane bonded silica gel was used as filler; Acetonitrile was used as mobile phase a, and a solution containing 0.5% formic acid and 0.1% triethylamine was used as mobile phase B. gradient elution was performed according to the following table; .
    --------------------------------------------
      Time (min) mobile phase a (%) mobile phase B (%)
    --------------------------------------------
    0～13         10→22        90→78
    13～22        22            78
    --------------------------------------------
      ; Take an appropriate amount of norisoboldine reference substance, weigh it accurately, add a mixed solution of methanol hydrochloric acid solution (0.5 → 100) (2:1) to make a solution containing 0.2mg per 1ml.
      Preparation of test solution   Take about 0.5g of this product powder (passing through No. 3 screen), weigh it accurately, place it in a round bottomed flask, add 25ml of the mixed solution of methanol hydrochloric acid solution (0.5 → 100) (2:1), plug it tightly, weigh it, heat it to reflux and keep it slightly boiling for 1 hour, cool it, weigh it again, make up the lost weight with the mixed solution of methanol hydrochloric acid solution (0.5 → 100) (2:1), shake it well, filter it, and take the filtrate.
      Assay   Precisely suck 5 μ l of the reference solution and 5 μ l of the test solution respectively, inject them into the liquid chromatograph, and determine.
      .
      Decoction pieces
      [processing] for those not sliced, remove the fine roots, separate the size, soak, slice, and dry.
      This product is shaped like a round thin sheet. The skin is yellowish brown or yellowish brown. The cut surface is yellowish white or yellowish brown, with radial rays, and the ring pattern of tree rings can be seen. Brittle. It is fragrant, slightly bitter and pungent, with a cool feeling.
      [identification], [inspection], [extract], [content determination] are the same as those of medicinal materials.
      [nature, taste and meridian tropism] pungent, warm. It belongs to lung, spleen, kidney and bladder meridian.
      [functions and indications] it can promote qi and relieve pain, warm the kidney and disperse cold. It is used for cold congealing and qi stagnation, chest and abdomen distension and pain, dyspnea, bladder deficiency and cold, enuresis and frequent urination, hernia pain, and abdominal pain due to cold.
      [usage and dosage] 6 ～ 10g.
      [storage] store in a cool and dry place to prevent moths.


2、 Chemical constituents of Aconitum carmichaeli
The rhizome contains linalool (i.eborneolBorneol)、 Sesquiterpene components:Aconitine ether lactone(Linderane)、Aconite lactone(Linderalactone)、
Noraconitine hydrochloride（Higenamine hydrochloride）、Noraconitine（Higenamine）、Aconitol（Lindenenol）、 Isolideralactone, neolideralactone. . It also contains laurolistine.

3、 Pharmacological action of Radix Aconiti
1. excitatory effect of volatile oil: when taken orally, it can excite cerebral cortex, promote respiration, excite myocardium, accelerate blood circulation, raise blood pressure and sweat. Topical application can dilate local blood vessels, accelerate blood circulation, and relieve muscle spasm pain.
2. bacteriostatic effect: it can inhibit Staphylococcus aureus, Hemolytic Streptococcus A, Salmonella typhi, proteus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli.
3. effects on the digestive tract: it has been reported that Moyam has dual effects on gastrointestinal smooth muscle. In addition, Moyam can increase the secretion of digestive juice.
4. hemostatic effect: in vitro experiments have proved that the dried powder of Radix Aconiti can significantly shorten the time of plasma recalcification in rabbits, promote hemagglutination and have good hemostatic effect.
5. other effects: long term feeding of Radix Aconiti carmichaeli to rats can increase body weight and inhibit sarcoma-180 in mice. Its borneol can sweat, excite, antispasmodic, deworming, etc.