Coriolus versicolor
1、 Pharmacopoeia standard of Coriolus versicolor       This product is the dried fruit body of Coriolus versicolor (L.EX Fr.) quel, a fungus of the family Polyporaceae. It can be harvested all year round, removed impurities and dried in the sun.
      [properties] the cap of this product is single fan-shaped, semi-circular or shell shaped, with constant number of overlapping tiles or rosettes; The diameter is 1 ～ 10cm and the thickness is 1 ～ 4mm. The surface is densely covered with gray, brown, blue, purple black and other colors of villi (hyphae), forming a multicolor narrow concentric ring with thin edges; The ventral surface is grayish brown, yellowish brown or light yellow, the sterile tube is white, the germ tube is dense, the tube orifice is nearly round to polygonal, and some tube orifices are cracked into teeth. It is leathery, not easy to break, and the cross-section fungus meat is white, about 1mm thick; the fungus tube is single-layer, 0.5 ~ 2mm long, mostly light brown, and the tube mouth is nearly round to polygonal, with 3 ~ 5 per 1mm. The air is weak and the taste is light.
      [identification] (1) longitudinal section of this product: the outer side of the skin shell is the villous layer, which is the hypha of different length, and the hypha is unbranched; The crusty hyphae are closely arranged, and the hyphal cavity contains numerous pigment particles. The mycelial layer is thick, colorless, and the hyphae are closely arranged. .
      The powder is light yellow. . There are four kinds of hyphae: villous hyphae are colorless, single or several connected, unbranched, 3-5 μ m in diameter, and most of the granular substances are in the hyphal wall; The skeleton hypha is thick, 5-7 μ m in diameter, unbranched, straight and colorless; The wall of reproductive hypha is extremely thin, transparent, 3-4 μ m in diameter, unbranched, and straight; The twining hypha is thin, with a diameter of 1.5 ～ 4 μ m, and is often curved.
      (2> take 2G of crude powder of this product, add 20ml of water, heat it in a water bath for 10 minutes, filter it, take 2ml of filtrate, add 4-5 drops of alkaline copper tartrate test solution, heat it in a water bath for 5 minutes, and form a red precipitate.
      [check] moisture   .
      Total ash   Not more than 6.0% (general rule 2302).
      Acid insoluble ash   Not more than 4.0% (general rule 2302).
      [extract] according to the hot leaching method under the determination method of water-soluble extract (general rule 2201), it shall not be less than 18.0%.
    [content determination] take about 5g of the crude powder of the product, accurately weigh it, place it in a conical flask, accurately add 120ml of water, weigh it, heat it for reflux for 1 hour, cool it, then weigh it, make up the lost weight with water, shake it well, filter it with absorbent cotton, accurately measure 40ml of the filtrate, add 1 ~ 2 drops of phenolphthalein indicator solution, adjust the pH value to neutral with sodium hydroxide test solution, add 25ml of dilute sulfuric acid, heat it for reflux for 4 hours, cool it, adjust the pH value to neutral with sodium hydroxide test solution, precisely add iodine titrant (0 ~ 1mol/u25ml, add 4ml of sodium hydroxide test solution drop by drop, shake vigorously while adding, and close the plug, place it in the dark for 10 minutes, add 4ml of dilute sulfuric acid, titrate it immediately with sodium thiosulfate titrant (0.1mol/l), and when it is near the end point, add 2ml of starch indicator solution, Continue titrating until the blue color disappears, and correct the titration result with blank test. Each 1ml of iodine titrant (0.1mol/l) is equivalent to 9.008mg of anhydrous glucose (C6H12O6).
      Monosaccharide   Accurately measure 40ml of filtrate under total sugar, add 1-2 drops of phenolphthalein indicator solution, adjust the pH value to neutral with sodium hydroxide test solution, and operate according to the method under total sugar from "accurately adding 25ml of iodine titrant (0.1mol/l)". Each 1ml of iodine titrant (0.1mol/l) is equivalent to 9.008mg of anhydrous glucose (C6H12O6).
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      This product is calculated as dry product, and the polysaccharide containing Coriolus versicolor is calculated as anhydrous glucose (C6H12O6), which shall not be less than 3.2%.
      Decoction pieces
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      [nature, taste and meridian tropism] sweet and smooth. Homing, spleen, liver and kidney meridians.
      [functions and indications] invigorate the spleen and remove dampness, clear away heat and detoxify. For damp heat jaundice, hypochondriac pain, anorexia, fatigue and fatigue.
      [usage and dosage] 9-27g.
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2、 Chemical constituents of Coriolus versicolor
Coriolus versicolor is rich in proteins, fats, polysaccharides, polysaccharide peptides, glucans, lignin, amino acids and a variety of inorganic salts, as well as proteases, peroxidases, amylases, laccase and leather enzymes.
1. steroids: at present, five steroids have been isolated from Coriolus versicolor, which are ergosterol-7,22-dien-3 β - palmitate, ergosterol-7,22-dien-3 β - ol, ergosterol-7-en-3 β, 5 α, 6 β - triol, ergosterol-7,22-dien-3 β, 5 α, 6 β - triol, ergosterol peroxide.
2. triterpenoids: betulinic acid, a terpenoid, was isolated from Coriolus versicolor.
3. organic acids: at present, six kinds of organic acids are isolated from Coriolus versicolor, which are 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, 3-methoxy-4-hydroxybenzoic acid, 3,5-dimethoxy-4-hydroxybenzoic acid, 2-furanic acid, nicotinic acid and oxalic acid.
4. alkaloids: alkaloids isolated from Coriolus versicolor: 2-cyanoethylformamide.
5. GLUCOSINOL: Coriolus versicolor contains 6 small molecular substances: 2,3,4,6-tetra-o-methyl, 2,4,6-trichloroethylene-o-methyl, 2,3,4-trichloroethylene-o-methyl, 2,3,6-trichloroethylene-o-methyl, 2,4-dichlorobenzenesulfonamide-o-methyl, 2,3-dichlorobenzenesulfonamide-o-methyl-d-glucosinol.
6. proteins: Coriolus versicolor contains eight protein compounds, including oxalate decarboxylase, blood protein, extracellular peroxidase, laccase, polyphenol oxidase, lignin peroxidase, polygalacturonase, and superoxide dismutase.
7. esters: glyceryl 1,2,3-trioleate was isolated from Coriolus versicolor.
8. glycopeptides: Coriolus versicolor glycopeptide is a fungal polysaccharide containing polypeptides, and its polysaccharide part can be hydrolyzed into five monosaccharides: galactose, glucose, mannose, xylose and arabinose; Its polypeptide moiety consists ofL-aspartic acid , glutamatel-serine And other 18 amino acids. Coriolus versicolor glycopeptide is a glucan composed of α (1 → 4) and β (1 → 3) glycosidic bonds. The monosaccharide composition and molar ratio of Coriolus versicolor glycopeptide were n (glucose) ∶ n (D-mannose) ∶ n (galactose) ∶ n (xylose) = 1 ∶ 0.0074 ∶ 0.0067 ∶ 0.0178, and contained 15% protein.

3、 Pharmacological effects of Coriolus versicolor
1. improve the body's immune function: polysaccharose from Coriolus versicolor can enhance the phagocytosis of peritoneal macrophages in mice, and has an antagonistic effect on spleen atrophy caused by cyclophosphamide. Polysaccharide from Coriolus versicolor and its filtrate can shrink thymus and increase spleen weight. . The intracellular polysaccharide of domestic Coriolus versicolor significantly increased the phagocytic activity of reticuloendothelial cells, and significantly increased the non-specific resistance of mice to Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Shigella sonnei and Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection. Polysaccharide peptide from Coriolus versicolor (PSP) 100-800 μ g/ml can significantly proliferate lymphocytes. Intraperitoneal injection of cyclophosphamide 25mg/kg in mice inhibits the production of interleukin-2 (IL-2) by activated T cells and delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) mediated by T cells. If PSP 25mg/kg is given simultaneously for 5 consecutive days, the above immunosuppressive effects can be inhibited. Psp10-100 μ g/ml can increase the ability of human peripheral leukocytes to produce α - and γ - interferon (IFN) by 8 times and 4 times compared with the control group. In addition, PSP can enhance the phagocytic function of reticuloendothelial system. . It can significantly increase the serum lysozyme content and spleen index of irradiated mice, which is believed to promote the nonspecific immune function of macrophages.
The results of interferon induced and induced experiments showed that the antitumor and immunomodulatory effects of polysaccharide peptide from Coriolus versicolor might be related to its interferon induced and induced abilities. Continuous oral administration of Polysaccharopeptide 20g/kg/ day in rats can promote lymphocyte transformation, significantly increase the serum IgG titer, and cancel the inhibition of natural killer cell function by cyclophosphamide 400mg/kg every other day. It was observed by chemiluminescence that polysaccharose from Coriolus versicolor could enhance the resistance of respiratory burst function of peritoneal macrophages in mice to tert butyl hydroperoxide injury after intraperitoneal injection. The basal activity of glutathione peroxidase (GSHPx) of macrophages treated with polysaccharide from Coriolus versicolor was significantly improved. Under the action of tert butyl hydroperoxide, the macrophages treated with polysaccharide from Coriolus versicolor still had higher glutathione peroxidase activity. . The T3 and T4 lymphocyte subsets and white blood cell counts of malignant tumor patients taking Versicolor Polysaccharide were significantly increased compared with those before ophthalmic drugs, suggesting that Versicolor Polysaccharide is a better biological response regulator. Polysaccharose from Coriolus versicolor has a protective effect on fat accumulation caused by oxidized low-density lipoprotein (o-ldl) - damaged mouse macrophages, and can inhibit macrophage foam like degeneration and improve macrophage response ability. It can significantly recover the leukopenia caused by cyclophosphamide in mice and activate the function of reticuloendothelial system. It can significantly increase the levels of IL-2, lymphotoxin and γ - interferon produced by splenocytes, and significantly enhance the ability of peritoneal macrophages to secrete tumor necrosis factor and IL-1.
2. antitumor effect: Polysaccharide from Coriolus versicolor (PSK) has inhibitory effect on sarcoma S180, leukemia L1210 and adenocarcinoma 755. Administration of Coriolus versicolor extract to mice 10 days before tumor transplantation significantly inhibited ascitic sarcoma S180 in mice 12 days after transplantation, and the anti-tumor effect was weakened 22 days after transplantation. Compared with wild Coriolus versicolor extracts from different regions, both Shaanxi Coriolus versicolor and Changbai Mountain Coriolus versicolor have obvious tumor inhibitory effect on S180. Coriolus versicolor strains accumulate polysaccharides in the fungal body and secrete exopolysaccharides to the culture medium. The former is dextran, which can inhibit S180 in mice and activate macrophages. The latter is a heteropolysaccharide composed of a variety of monosaccharides, which has a certain degree of immune activation, but has no obvious antitumor effect. Crude products such as the hot-water extract of Coriolus versicolor mycelium have 77.5% inhibition rate on S180, while refined products have increased activity, with 99.3% inhibition rate on S180. . Due to different extraction methods, the tumor inhibition rate of PSK is different. The experiment shows that the polysaccharide extracted by redox and partial hydrolysis has strong tumor inhibition effect. Polysaccharides extracted by gasification and reduction can significantly prolong the survival rate.
The extract of Coriolus versicolor from Shaanxi Province has no stimulating and enhancing effect on peritoneal macrophages of subcutaneously transplanted ascites liver cancer mice, and its phagocytic activity is low, but for S180, macrophages are activated and phagocytic function is enhanced, indicating that it may have different effects on different tumors. Many studies have shown that PSK has a certain relationship between improving immune function and anti-tumor effect. Polysaccharide peptide (PSP) from Coriolus versicolor can increase the level of serum hemolysin IgG、 Complement C3 was significantly improved, and the tumor inhibition rate of S180 was 35% - 69%. The tumor inhibition rate was lower than that of PSK. PSP1-2g/kg， It has obvious inhibitory effect on human lung adenocarcinoma in nude mice, with an inhibition rate of 50% - 70%. While inhibiting tumor growth, it has no toxic and side effects such as blood and body weight changes. . The IC50 of HL60 was 30 μ g / ml. the inhibitory rate of small molecule peptide on leukemia cells and scg7901 was significantly higher than that of PSP and PSK groups, and it also had the effect of enhancing immunity in increasing the number of white blood cells and IgG level. When used 2 weeks before inoculation, it can reduce the occurrence of tumor mass in nude mice inoculated with cancer cells. As a chemopreventive agent, PSK can act on the growth process of tumor cells, strengthen the role of T cells and natural killer (NK) cells, and has anti aberration, prevention of chromosome damage and immune regulation effects.
3. anti atherosclerotic effect: experiments have proved that polysaccharide from Coriolus versicolor (PSK) can effectively inhibit the formation and development of atherosclerotic plaque. The surface area of aortic atherosclerotic plaque in PSK group was significantly smaller than that in control group, and the stenosis degree of large and medium branches of coronary artery in heart wall was also lighter than that in control group. PSK can effectively inhibit the lipid peroxidation damage and enhance the gene expression of selenium glutathione peroxidase in macrophages. It is beneficial to improve the immune response ability of macrophages and inhibit their foam like degeneration, inhibit atherosclerosis, reduce the formation of atherosclerosis in rabbits, and also has a therapeutic effect on rabbits that have formed atherosclerosis. Experiments have proved that PSK can improve the binding, inward migration and degradation of acetyl low-density lipoprotein (AC LDL) by peritoneal macrophages, and play an integral role in lipid-lowering and anti arteriosclerosis.
. PSK can enhance the hypnotic effect of pentobarbital, and polysaccharide peptide of Coriolus versicolor (PSP) also has a certain sedative effect, which can inhibit the pain response of mice, but the effect is slow and lasts for a long time.
5. other effects: 5.1. hypoglycemic effect: the blood glucose of mice is up to 362.4mg/100ml, which can be reduced to 126.6mg/100ml after PSK, and has no effect on normal blood glucose. After injection of alloxan into normal mice, the blood glucose increased by 355.6mg/100ml. If PSK was given in advance, the blood glucose only increased to 209mg/100ml, indicating that it has the effect of preventing and treating the increase of blood glucose.
5.2.psp has obvious inhibitory effect on experimental gastric ulcers such as stress-induced, pyloric ligation type, acetic acid type and indomethacin (indomethacin) type in rats.
5.3.psk contains a variety of amino acids, glycopeptides and a variety of trace elements such as calcium, germanium, magnesium, iron, zinc, etc. The intracellular polysaccharide of Coriolus versicolor has a certain anti hepatitis effect, which can improve the symptoms of body deficiency, fatigue, loss of appetite and so on. PSK has a certain inhibitory effect on hepatitis B virus replication. . It has 23.8% - 28.6% protective effect on death and liver lesions caused by herpes virus intravenous injection in mice.
5.4.psk can significantly increase the feeding times, mating times and the number of offspring flies in the first generation of Drosophila. And extend the average life span, maximum life span and half death time of female flies. However, it has a poor effect on male flies and does not prolong the average life span and half the death time.
5.5 the micronucleus test of mouse bone marrow showed that PSK and PV-1 extracted in China had an antagonistic effect on chromosome damage caused by the mutagen cyclophosphamide. It also has an antagonistic effect on mutations caused by cigarette smoke poisoning. PSK can promote the production of endogenous cytotoxic factors.
5.6.psk can prevent oxidative damage and resist injury. It has an anti-inflammatory effect on croton oil, smoke, endotoxin and other substances, and can significantly prolong the survival time and survival rate of mice with arrhythmia induced by barium chloride and acute pulmonary edema induced by epinephrine.
6. toxicity and adverse reactions: the intraperitoneal median lethal dose of polysaccharide peptide from Coriolus versicolor (PSP) in mice is 300.36mg/kg, and the maximum oral tolerance dose is 20g/kg. The death of mice has not yet been seen, indicating that the minimum lethal dose MLD is > 20g/kg. The rats were orally administered psk1.5g/kg (130 times the clinical dose), and no death occurred in 20 rats for 60 consecutive days, indicating that there was no long-term toxicity of oral administration. .