Yam Root
1、 Pharmacopoeia standard of Yam Root       This product is the dried roots and rhizomes of Sophora tonkinensis gagnep., a legume. Excavate in autumn, remove impurities, wash and dry.
      . The root is long cylindrical, often branched, with a diameter of 0.7 ~ 1.5cm. The surface is brown to brown, with irregular longitudinal wrinkles and transverse lenticel like protrusions. It is hard to break, with light brown skin and light yellow wood. It has beany smell and tastes very bitter.
      [identification] (1) cross section of the root of this product: the cork layer is a series to 10 series of cells. . Fiber bundles were scattered in the inner layer and phloem of the plug. The cambium forms a ring. The xylem is well-developed, with 1-8 rows of cells wide in rays; The ducts are round, mostly scattered individually, or 2 to several together, and some contain yellowish brown substances; The wood fibers are scattered in bundles. Parenchyma cells contained starch granules, and a few contained square crystals.
      (2) Take about 0.5g of crude powder of this product, add 10ml of trichloromethane, 0.2ml of concentrated ammonia test solution, shake for 15 minutes, filter, evaporate the filtrate, add 0.5ml of trichloromethane to dissolve the residue, and use it as the test solution. In addition, take matrine reference substance and Oxymatrine reference substance, add chloroform to make a mixed solution containing 1mg per 1ml as the reference solution. . In the chromatogram of the test sample, the same orange yellow spots appear at the corresponding positions of the chromatogram of the control sample.
      [inspection] the moisture content shall not exceed 10.0% (the second method of general rule 0832).
      The total ash content shall not exceed 6.0% (general rule 2302).
      [extract] according to the hot leaching method under the determination method of alcohol soluble extract (general rule 2201), the use of ethanol as solvent shall not be less than 15.0%.
      [content determination] determine according to HPLC (general rule 0512).
      Chromatographic conditions and system suitability test amino bonded silica gel was used as filler; The mobile phase was acetonitrile isopropanol-3% phosphoric acid solution (80:5:15); The detection wavelength is 210nm. The number of theoretical plates should not be less than 4000 according to the Oxymatrine peak.
      Preparation of reference solution take a proper amount of matrine reference and Oxymatrine reference, weigh accurately, add mobile phase to make a mixed solution containing 20 μ g of matrine and 150 μ g of oxymatrine per 1ml.
      Preparation of test solution take about 0.5g of powder (passing through No. 3 screen), weigh accurately, place in a corked conical flask, add 50ml of chloroform methanol concentrated ammonia test solution (40:10:1) mixture solution precisely, close the stopper, weigh, place for 30 minutes, sonicate (power 250W, frequency 40KHz) for 30 minutes, weigh again, use chloroform methanol concentrated ammonia test solution (40:10:1) mixture solution to make up the weight lost, shake well, filter, accurately measure 10ml of the filtrate, recover the solvent under reduced pressure at 40 ℃ to dryness, add methanol to the residue to dissolve, and transfer to add methanol to the 10ml measuring bottle to the scale, shake well, filter, and take the continuous filtrate.
      The determination method is to precisely suck 5 μ l each of the reference solution and the test solution, inject them into the liquid chromatograph, and determine.
      The total amount of matrine (c15h24n2o) and Oxymatrine (c15h24n202) in this product shall not be less than 0.70% based on the dry product.
      Decoction pieces
      [processing] remove residual stems and impurities, soak, wash, moisten, cut thick pieces, and dry.
      This product is irregular round like thick film. The outer skin is brown to tan. The cut skin is light brown, and the wood is light yellow. It has beany smell and tastes very bitter.
      [content determination] the total amount of matrine (c15h24n2o) and Oxymatrine (c15h24n202) in the same medicinal material shall not be less than 0.60%.
      .
      [nature, taste and meridian tropism] bitter, cold; . Return to lung and stomach channels.
      [functions and indications] it can clear away heat and detoxify, reduce swelling and facilitate swallowing. .
      [usage and dosage] 3 ～ 6G.
      [storage] dry place


2、
Alkaloids were isolated from the roots of Sophora tonkinensis Matrine（Matrine）、Oxymatrine（Oxymatrine）、Stinky bean base（Anagyrine）、N-methyl genistein（N-Methylcytisine）、Sophocarpine（Sophocarpine）； Sophoridine（Sophoradin）、 Sophoranone, sophorado chromene, sophoranochromene;Galvisol（Maackiain）、Genistein（Genistein）、 PterocarpinePterostilbene(trifolirhizin) as well asβ - sitosterol（β-Sitosterol）、Lupeol（Lupeol）、 A group of higher alkanols of caffeic acid, etc. contained in Vietnamese Sophora japonicaMatrine、Oxymatrine、Genistein（Cytisine）、Sophocarpine oxide（Oxysophocarpine ）、 Sophovamine and sophovauol, etc

Content analysis: the root contains about 0.93% of total alkaloids, includingMatrine(matrine)0.52%，Oxymatrine(oxyma-trine)0.35%， And traceStinky bean base(Anagyrine) andN-methyl genistein（N-Methylcytisine）; includingSophocarpine(sophocarpine）。 Flavonoids include pterocarpin andPterostilbene（trifolirhizin）， Galvisol（maackiain）, They are pterostilbene compounds, which have anticancer effects. Their glycosides are stronger than aglycones, and dextrosomes are stronger than levosomes. It also contains sophoranone, Sophora DIN, Sophora chromene, Sophora chromene, Sophora chromene, Sophora chromene, Sophora chromene, Sophora chromene, Sophora chromene, 2-[{3 ′ - hydroxy-2 ′, 2 ′ - dimethyl-8 ′ - (3-methyl-2-butyl)} chroman-6 ′ -yl]-7-hydroxy-8- (3-methyl-2-butyl) chroman-4-one) 3 '- dihydrobenzofuran} - 5' - YL] - 7 - hydroxy-8 - (3-methyl-2-butyl) chroman-4-one), daiazein, 2 - [(7 '- hydroxy-2' - dimethyl-2h-benzofuran) - 6 '- yl]-7-hydroxy-8- (3-methyl-2- butenyl) roman-4-one) 4 ', 7-dihydroxy-6,8-bis - (3-methyl-2-butenyl) flavanone, 2', 4 ', 7-trihydroxy-6,8-bis - (3-methyl-2-butenyl) flavanone, 2', 4 ', 7-trihydroxy-6,8-bis - (3-methyl-2-butenyl) flavanone, 6-[3- (2', 4 '- dihydroxy) flavanone, 6 - [3 - (2', 4 '- dihydro) flavanone, 7-trihydroxy-6,8-bis - (3-methyl-2-butenyl) flavanone, 6 - [3 - (2', 4 '- dihydro) flavanone, 7-trihydroxy-6,8-bis - (3-methyl-2-butenyl) flavanone, 6 - [3 - (2', 4 '- dihydro Neochromene (2- (2 ′, 4 ′ - dihydroxyphenyl) -8,8-dimethyl-10- (3-methyl-2-butenyl) - 8h pyreno [2,3-d] chroman-4-one) andGenisteinThe phenolic substances contained therein are hydrolyzed to obtaincaffeic acidAnd long-chain alcohols (cnh2n+1oh, n = 20, 21, 23,24, 25, 26), of which C26 was the main, accounting for 72.4%; In addition, there areLupeol、β - sitosterol, vitamin C, and vitamin B1. It has been reported that neutral polysaccharides are composed of D-galactose and D-glucose with a molecular ratio of 1:1.

3、 Pharmacological effects of Sophora tonkinensis root
The root of Sophora tonkinensis has anticancer effect, and the Matrine and Oxymatrine contained in it have inhibitory effect on experimental tumors.
It has anti ulcer effect, can inhibit gastric acid secretion, and has obvious repair effect on experimental ulcer; To Staphylococcus aureus, dysentery bacilli, Escherichia coli, tuberculosis bacilli, Vibrio cholerae, leprosy bacilli, flocculent epidermis.
Both Candida albicans and Leptospira have inhibitory effects; ; In addition, the root of Sophora tonkinensis has the effects of increasing white blood cells, anti arrhythmia, anti-inflammatory and liver protection.