Artichoke
1、 Pharmacopoeia standard of artichoke       This product is the dry aboveground part of the composite plant Cirsium setosum (willd.) mb. In summer and autumn, flowers are harvested and cut to remove impurities and dried in the sun.
      [character] the stem of this product is cylindrical, and some of its upper branches are 5-30cm long and 0.2-0.5cm in diameter; the surface is grayish green or purplish, with longitudinal edges and white pubescence; It is brittle, easy to break, and has a hollow section. ; The leaves are shrunk or broken, and the intact ones are oblong or oblong lanceolate after flattening, with a length of 3-12cm and a width of 0.5-3cm; they are full or microdentate to pinnately cleft, and the tooth tips are provided with needles; The upper surface is greenish brown, the lower surface is grayish green, and both sides are white pilose. Capitulum single or several terminal; The involucre is bell shaped, with 5-8 layers of bracts, yellowish green; The flowers are purplish red. The breath is slight, and the taste is slightly bitter.
      ; The wall of the lower epidermis is wavy and curved, and both the upper and lower epidermis have stomata and non glandular hairs. Pore infinitive or inequality. The non glandular hairs have more than 3-10 cells, and the apical cells are slender, whiplash like, wrinkled and twisted. Mesophyll cells contain calcium oxalate crystals, which are mostly needle like.
      (2) Take 0.5g of this product powder, add 5ml of methanol, sonicate for 30 minutes, filter, evaporate the filtrate, add 2ml of methanol to dissolve the residue as the test solution. Another 0.5g of Cirsium artichoke control medicinal material was prepared into the control medicinal material solution by the same method. Then take the control sample of linarin and add methanol to make a solution containing 0.5mg per 1ml as the control solution. Test according to thin-layer chromatography (general rule 0502), suck 1 μ l of each of the above three solutions, dot them on the same polyamide film, use acetylacetone butanone ethanol water (1:3:3:13) as the developing agent, develop, take out, air dry, spray aluminum trichloride test solution, air dry, and inspect under ultraviolet light (365nm). In the chromatogram of the test sample, fluorescent spots of the same color appear at the positions corresponding to the chromatogram of the control medicinal material and the chromatogram of the control sample.
      [inspection] impurities shall not exceed 2% (general rule 2301).
      The moisture content shall not exceed 12.0% (the second method of general rule 0832).
      Acid insoluble ash content shall not exceed 5.0% (general rule 2302).
      [extract] according to the hot leaching method under the alcohol soluble extract determination method (general rule 2201), using dilute ethanol as solvent, it shall not be less than 19.0%.
      [content determination] determine according to HPLC (general rule 0512).
      Chromatographic conditions and system suitability test octadecylsilane bonded silica gel was used as filler; The mobile phase was methanol-0.5% acetic acid solution (55:45); The detection wavelength was 326nm. The number of theoretical plates should not be less than 1500 according to the peak of linarin.
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      Preparation of test solution take about 0.1g of powder (passing through No. 4 screen), weigh it accurately, place it in a corked conical flask, add 10ml of methanol precisely, weigh it, sonicate (power 100W, frequency 40KHz) for 15 minutes, cool it, weigh it again, make up the lost weight with methanol, shake it well, filter it, and take the filtrate.
      The determination method is to precisely suck 5 μ l each of the reference solution and the test solution, inject them into the liquid chromatograph, and determine.
      According to the calculation of dry product, the content of linarin (c28h32o14) shall not be less than 0.70%.
      Decoction pieces
      [processing] artichoke remove impurities, wash, moisten slightly, cut into sections, and dry.
      This product has irregular sections. The stem is cylindrical, with grayish green or purplish surface, longitudinal ribs and white pilose. The cut surface is hollow. The leaves are mostly shrunk or broken, and the leaf tooth tips have pinpricks; Both sides are white pilose. Capitulum, involucre bell shaped; The flowers are purplish red. The breath is slight and the taste is bitter.
      [extract] the same as that of medicinal materials, not less than 14.0%.
      [identification] [inspection] (water acid insoluble ash) [content determination] is the same as that of medicinal materials.
      Remove the artichoke charcoal from the artichoke section and fry it until dark brown according to the charcoal frying method (general rule 0213). This product is shaped like a thistle segment. The surface is dark brown, and the interior is scorched brown.
      [identification] (except for the appearance of leaves) is the same as that of medicinal materials.
      [nature, taste and meridian tropism] sweet, bitter and cool. Heart returning and liver meridian.
      [functions and indications] cool blood and stop bleeding, disperse blood stasis, detoxify and eliminate carbuncle. It is used for bleeding, hematemesis, hematuria, blood shower, hematochezia, metrorrhagia, trauma hemorrhage, carbuncle, swelling and sores.
      [usage and dosage] 5 ～ 12g.
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2、 Chemical constituents of Cirsium artichoke
Whole grass with flowers containsrutin（rutin），Protocatechuic acid（proto-catechuic acid）,chlorogenic acid（chlorogenic acid），caffeic acid（caffeic acid）， Potassium chloride [1].Linarin(linarin), that is, Acaciin, that is, acacetin-7-rhamnogluco-side [1, 2],Robinin（acacetin）[3，3]， Tyramine [5],Dandelion sterol（taraxasterol），Dandelion sterol acetate（taraxasteryl acetate）， ,β - sitosterol（β-sitosterol），Stigmasterol（stigmas-terol）[6]。

3、 Pharmacological effects of Cirsium artichoke
1. effects on the cardiovascular system 1.1 cardiac excitation the heart was prepared according to Langendorff's method with 200% artichoke water decoction and 200% alcohol extract, which were decalcified by ammonium oxalate. 0.1ml of water decoction (equivalent to 0.2g of crude drug) and 0.05ml of alcohol extract (equivalent to 0.1g of crude drug) showed enhanced contractility and slightly increased frequency in isolated rabbit heart with adrenergic B1 receptor and isolated guinea pig atrial muscle, and both effects could be antagonized by propranolol, a B-receptor blocker.
1.2 pressor effect in the early years, it was reported that Xiaoji Decoction IV had good pressor effect, cardiotonic and vasoconstrictive effects, and the nature of action was similar to catecholamines. Recently, Shandong Institute of traditional Chinese medicine isolated white Cirsium crystals from Cirsium artichoke Decoction and used 0.1ml/100g of reserpine ip0.1% per day for 10 days to deplete catecholamines in rats to form reserpinized rats. Cirsium crystals were given by femoral vein.
The results showed that artichoke crystals could significantly increase the blood pressure of non reserpinized rats after IV, and the pressor intensity was obvious, while the pressor effect of artichoke crystals on reserpinized rats was significantly weakened, and there was no dose effect relationship, and this effect was similar to that of cobalamin. It was also confirmed that its pressor effect was different from that of norepinephrine.
1.3 effects on adrenergic receptors artichoke water decoction 0.075g/ml nutrient solution showed contractile effect on rabbit aortic strips with adrenergic a receptors, which could be antagonized by a receptor blocker phentolamine. The relaxation of isolated guinea pig tracheal slices with adrenergic β 2 receptors was antagonized by propranolol (0.017mg/ml nutrient solution).
The effect of Xiaoji Decoction on atrial muscle (0.0067g/ml nutrient solution) is only 1 / 10 of that on aortic strips and tracheal slices, so it is considered that Xiaoji has more effect on adrenergic β 1 receptor than on β 2 receptor and α receptor.
2. effect on blood system Cirsium artichoke is a traditional hemostatic traditional Chinese medicine, which has been proved to have hemostatic effect, and the hemostatic active ingredient has been obtained. Thistle hemostasis mainly exerts its effect by causing local vasoconstriction and inhibiting fibrinolysis. .
3. the Ames test method for antimutagenic effect is to use the concentrated solution of two decoctions for the test. The dosage of each dish is 3mg, the mutagen of TA98 is 4-nitro-o-phenylethylamine, and the repair agent of TA100 is sodium azide. The results showed that Cirsium artichoke had certain antimutagenic ability.
4. the antibacterial decoction has certain inhibitory effect on hemolytic streptococcus, pneumococcus and diphtheria bacilli in the test tube. Alcohol extract has inhibitory effect on human tuberculosis at 1:30000, but the inhibitory concentration of water decoction on tuberculosis is more than 300 times greater than this.
5. other effects decoction or tincture can excite the uterus of rabbits in vitro, eutopic and chronic fistula, but it can inhibit the uterus of cats, rat in vitro and rabbit small intestine in vitro. It is also similar to catecholamines. . The glucose tolerance curve of rabbits with liver damage (carbon tetrachloride poisoning) could not accelerate its recovery. It seems to have a protective effect on arsenite poisoning in mice, but it is not very significant. It has certain anti-inflammatory effect on formaldehyde arthritis in rats, but it is not as good as cortisone. It has sedative effect on mice, but no analgesic effect.