Typha
1、 Puhuang pharmacopoeia standard       This product is the dried pollen of Typha angustifolia L., Typha Orientalis Presl or the same genus of Typhaceae plants. In summer, the yellow male inflorescences on the upper part of the calamus were harvested, dried, rolled, and screened for pollen. After the male flowers are cut and dried, they become pollen with male flowers, that is, herbaceous pollen.
      [properties] this product is yellow powder. It is light and floats in the water. The hands are slippery and easy to attach to the fingers. The air is weak and the taste is light.
      [identification] (1) the powder is yellow. The pollen grains are round or oval in shape, 17-29 μ m in diameter, with reticular carvings on the surface, smooth peripheral contour, convex or gear shaped, single pore, and not very obvious.
      (2) . In addition, take isorhamnetin-3-o-neohesperidin reference substance and typhaneoside reference substance, add ethanol to make solutions containing 1mg per 1ml, respectively, as the reference solution. According to the test of thin layer chromatography (general rule 0502), absorb 2 μ l of each of the above three solutions, respectively dot on the same polyamide film, use acetone water (1:2) as the developing agent, develop, take out, dry, spray aluminum trichloride test solution, and inspect under the ultraviolet light (365nm). In the chromatogram of the test sample, fluorescent spots of the same color appear at the corresponding positions of the chromatogram of the control sample.
      [check] impurities   . Take the impurities that cannot pass the No. 7 screen, weigh and calculate, and the weight shall not exceed 10.0%.
      Moisture   Not more than 13.0% (the second method of general rule 0832).
      Total ash   Not more than 10.0% (general rule 2302).
      ; Not more than 4.0%, (general rule 2302).
      [extract] according to the hot leaching method under the determination method of alcohol soluble extract (general rule 2201), the use of ethanol as solvent shall not be less than 15.0%.
      [content determination] determine according to HPLC (general rule 0512).
      ; Octadecylsilane bonded silica gel was used as filler; The mobile phase was acetonitrile-0.05% phosphoric acid solution (15:85); The detection wavelength was 254nm. The number of theoretical plates should not be less than 5000 based on isorhamnetin-3-o-neohesperidin peak.
      Preparation of reference solution   Take an appropriate amount of isorhamnetin-3-o-neohesperidin reference substance and typhaneoside reference substance, accurately weigh them, and add methanol to make solutions containing 50 μ g per 1ml respectively.
      Preparation of test solution   Take about 0.5g of this product, weigh it accurately, place it in a conical flask with a stopper, add 50ml of methanol precisely, weigh it, soak it in cold for 12 hours, heat it and reflux it for 1 hour, cool it, weigh it again, make up the lost weight with methanol, shake it well, filter it, and take the filtrate.
      ; Precisely suck 20 μ l each of the above two reference solutions and the test solution, inject them into the liquid chromatograph, and determine.
      The total amount of isorhamnetin-3-o-neohesperidin (c28h32o16) and typhaneoside (c34h42o20) in this product shall not be less than 0.50% according to the dry product.
      Decoction pieces
      [processing] raw pollen Typha   Knead the lumps and sift them.
      [character], [identification], [inspection], [extract], [content determination] are the same as those of medicinal materials.
      Pollen Typhae charcoal   Remove the pollen Typha and stir fry it to brown according to the charcoal roasting method (general rule 0213).
      . It has a scorched aroma and tastes slightly bitter and astringent.
      [identification] the powder of this product is brown. The pollen grains are round, with reticular carving on the surface.
      [extract] the same as that of medicinal materials, which shall not be less than 11.0%.
      [nature, taste and meridian tropism] sweet and smooth. Return to liver and pericardial meridian.
      . It is used for hematemesis, hematemesis, hemoptysis, metrorrhagia, trauma hemorrhage, amenorrhea and dysmenorrhea, chest and abdomen tingling, tumescent pain, blood drenching pain.
      [usage and dosage] 5 ～ 10g, fried in packet. Apply appropriate amount to the affected area.
      [note] pregnant women should use it with caution.
      [storage] store in a ventilated and dry place, damp proof and mothproof.


2、
1. Typha angustifolia, pollen mainly contains flavonoids:Typhaneoside(typhaneoside), namely isorhamnetin-3-o-2g - α - l-rhamnopyranosyl (1-2) - α - l-rhamnopyranosyl (1-6) - β - d-glucopyranoside [o-2g- α - l-rhamnopyranosyl (1-2) - α - l-rhamnopyranosyl (1-6) - β - d-glucopyranoside], kaempferol-3-o-2g - α - l-rhamnopyranosyl (1-2) - α - l-rhamnopyranosyl (1-6) - β - d-glucopyranoside [kaempferol-3-o-2g- α - l-rhamnopyranosyl (1-2) - α - l-rhamnopyranosyl (1-6) - β - d-glucopyranoside], Isorhamnetin-3-o - α - l-rhamnosyl (1-2) - β - D-glucoside [isorhamnetin-3-o - α - l-rhamnosyl (1-2) - β - D-glucoside], kaempferol-3-o - α - l-rhamnosyl (1-2) - β - D-glucoside [kaempferol-3-o - α - l-rhamnosyl (1-2) - β - D-glucoside], quercetin-3-o - α - l-rhamnosyl (1-2) - β - D-glucoside [quercetin-3-o - α - l-rhamnosyl (1-2) - β - d-glucoside],quercetin (quercetin)，Kaempferol(kaempferol)，Isorhamnetin(isorhamnetin)，Naringenin(naringenin)。 It also contains sterols:β - sitosterolβ - sitosterol, β - sitosterol glucoside, β - sitosterol palmitate. . It also contains polysaccharides TAA, tab and TAC, with relative molecular weights of 57000, 80000 and 86000, respectively. TAA consists of galactose, galacturonic acid, arabinose, rhamnose and xylose, with a molar ratio of 2.7:6.5:6.6:2.7; . In additionL-aspartic acid (L-aspartic acid)，L-threonine(L-threonine)，l-serine (L-serine)， Glutamic acid,L-valine (L-valine)，L-arginine(L-arginine)，L-Proline (L-proline)，L-cystine(L-cystine)，L-tryptophan(tcmlibytophane) and other amino acids and trace elements such as titanium, aluminum, boron, chromium, copper, mercury, iron, iodine, molybdenum, selenium, zinc. It also contains volatile oil, and the main components of the base are: 2,6,11,14-tetramethylnonadecane, methyl palmitate,palmitic acid(palmitic acid)， .
2. Typha latifolia, pollen mainly contains flavonoids:Naringenin，Isorhamnetin，quercetin , isorhamnetin-3-o- (2g- α - l-rhamnopyranosyl) - rutinoside [isorhamnetin-3-o- (2g- α - l-rhamnopyranosyl) -rutinoside], i.eTyphaneoside, quercetin-3-o - α - l-rhamnopyranosyl (1-2) - [α - l-rhamnopyranosyl (1-6)] - β - d-glucopyranoside

3、 Pharmacological action of pollen Typhae
. Both Puhuang Decoction and compound Xinshu Ⅲ Decoction with Puhuang as the main component can accelerate the blood flow velocity of microcirculation arterioles and increase the opening number of capillaries in golden hamsters; It can also improve myocardial microcirculation in mice. Puhuang has a protective effect on myocardial damage in rabbits. The acute myocardial infarction model was formed by ligation of the left ventricular branch artery in rabbits. After treatment with Puhuang, the scope of myocardial infarction in rabbits was narrowed, the lesion was alleviated, and the ratio of circulating platelets in rabbits in this model was increased, indicating that the anti platelet aggregation effect of Puhuang may be one of the mechanisms of its anti myocardial ischemia effect. Narcissus glycosides isolated from Typha latifolia pollen can significantly protect rats from pituitrin induced myocardial ischemia and increase myocardial 86Rb uptake in mice, which is presumed to be related to the calcium antagonism of Narcissus glycosides. Large dose of pollen Typhae has anti hypobaric hypoxia effect and improves the tolerance of animals to hypobaric hypoxia. Ethanol extract of pollen Typhae can prolong the disappearance time of ECG in mice with trachea clamped and common carotid artery ligated; It can increase the oxygen consumption of isoproterenol in mice and prolong the survival time of tail IV air; . It shows that pollen Typhae can improve the tolerance of myocardium and brain to hypoxia or reduce the oxygen consumption of heart, brain and other tissues, and protect the heart and brain from hypoxia. The principle may be to prevent the decrease of ATP and ADP content in myocardium, enhance the activities of Na-K-ATPase and Mg ATPase on the cell membrane of cerebral cortex, accelerate ATP decomposition, strengthen central inhibition, improve hypoxia tolerance, restore or approach the normal level of hypoxic heart and liver superoxide dismutase, improve the partial pressure of oxygen in brain tissue and arterial blood, and reduce oxygen consumption and lactate content.
Puhuang extract has reversible inhibitory effect on isolated frog heart and rabbit heart, and makes the heart arrest in diastolic state at high concentration; It can also reduce the blood pressure of rabbits. The inhibitory effect of pollen Typhae on the heart may be related to quercetin (also a cholinesterase inhibitor) contained in pollen Typhae. Isorhamnetin in Typha longibracteata pollen has the activity of increasing myocardial cAMP level.
. In addition to inhibiting intestinal absorption of cholesterol and increasing fecal cholesterol, this effect may also be related to affecting cholesterol metabolism in the body. Puhuang butter, Puhuang residue and Puhuang pollen were respectively fed to rabbits with feeding hypercholesterolemia. The results showed that Puhuang pollen had the most obvious effect on reducing blood lipid. The rabbits fed with high-fat diet were fed with 16g Puhuang daily. After 12 weeks, the rabbits stopped feeding high-fat Puhuang and continued to take Puhuang for 4 weeks. In the administration group, not only the serum cholesterol decreased rapidly and reached the normal concentration in 9 weeks, but also the cholesterol content in the aortic wall decreased and the lesions were alleviated. The arterioles in the myocardium dilate, blood flow increases, metabolism is vigorous, myocardial nutrition is improved, and plaque formation is less; Electron microscopy showed that the endothelium of most rabbit aortas was intact and smooth, the subintimal layer was normal, and only a small amount of cell infiltration and lipid deposition were occasionally seen.
The experiment shows that pollen Typhae can reduce blood lipid and anti atherosclerosis, which is caused by the comprehensive effect on different links. In addition to reducing total cholesterol (TC) in the serum of rabbits with acute and chronic hyperlipidemia, pollen Typhae also increased high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), significantly decreased prostacyclin (PCI2), and increased thromboxane A2 (TXA2) /pgi2, keeping the ratio of the two normal. In vitro experiments showed that Puhuang rabbit serum could significantly promote the synthesis of PGI2 by rat aortic endothelial cells, but had no obvious effect on the production of lipid peroxide. The hypolipidemic effect of pollen Typhae is also related to its activation of macrophage function. ; At the same time, it can protect vascular endothelial cells and inhibit the formation of atherosclerotic plaque. The unsaturated fatty acids and quercetin in pollen Typhae are effective in reducing blood lipids and preventing and treating atherosclerosis. The flavonoid component of pollen Typhae f Ⅳ (sterols containing hydrocarbons and carbohydrates) can strongly stimulate the production of PGI2 and TPA (plasminogen activator) activity of porcine arterial endothelial cells, and inhibit ADP induced platelet aggregation. The active ingredient of pollen Typhae, 31 alkanol-6, has the effect of reducing triglycerides; ; B-sitosterol palmitate can also inhibit the proliferation of smooth muscle cells. In addition, b-sitosterol glucoside, isorhamnetin-3-o-a-l-rhamnose (1 → 2) - b-glucoside, and quercetin-3-o-a-rhamnosyl-b-glucoside can act on various links closely related to atherosclerosis, respectively. It shows that the effect of pollen Typhae on reducing blood lipid and anti atherosclerosis is the result of the comprehensive effect of various effective ingredients.
3. effect on the coagulation process: the results of the effect of pollen Typhae on the coagulation process are different. Early studies showed that pollen Typhae can increase the number of platelets and shorten the thrombin time in rabbits, which can significantly shorten the blood coagulation time. Stir fry pollen Typhae with charcoal to increase hemostasis. One of the reasons may be that flavonoids (rutin, quercetin, etc.) in pollen Typhae are converted into tannins with hemostatic effect at a certain temperature. However, it was also reported that there was no significant difference in the hemostatic effect of pollen Typhae after charring compared with raw pollen Typhae. More reports believe that pollen Typhae can inhibit the process of blood coagulation. . . Its fibrinolytic active ingredient may be a low molecular substance, and the walking test has a positive reaction of flavonoid glycosides. After Po Po Po Po Po Po Po Po Po Po Po Po Po Po Po Po Po Po Po Po Po Po Po Po Po Po Po Po Po Po Po Po Po Po Po Po Po Po Po Po Po Po Po Po Po Po Po Po Po Po Po Po Po Po Po Po Po Po Po Po Po Po Po Po Po Po Po Po Po Po Po Po Po Po Po Po; There were no significant changes in plasma fibrinogen and plasminogen; The fibrinolytic activity, which represents the time of euglobulin dissolution in blood, was significantly enhanced within 2-5 hours of drug administration.
Puhuang Decoction and its extract total flavonoids, organic acids, polysaccharides, etc. have obvious inhibitory effects on ADP, arachidonic acid and collagen induced and induced platelet aggregation in rabbits in vivo and in vitro, among which total flavonoids have the strongest effect, indicating that flavonoids are the main effective components of Puhuang anti platelet aggregation. It is speculated that the anti platelet aggregation effect of total flavonoids of Typhae may be related to the inhibition of phosphodiesterase activity, the increase of camp in platelets, and the decrease of intracellular Ca2 + concentration. . Whether it is related to ca2+ remains to be studied. Typhonium isorhamnoside Ⅱ can inhibit ADP induced platelet aggregation in rats in vivo and in vitro, and can significantly prolong the recalcification time. Isorhamnoside from Typha longibracteata has antithrombotic effect. Polysaccharide (molecular weight of about 30000) was isolated from Typha latifolia pollen, which could accelerate the plasma recalcification time when it was lower than 100ug/ml; ; The anticoagulant mechanism is that pollen Typhae polysaccharide inhibits the release rate of fibrin peptide from fibrin protease and the aggregation of fibrin. Recently, it was reported that a new flavonoid glycoside and an unknown compound were isolated from the dried pollen of Typha latifolia, which had hemostatic effect after experiments.
4. effect on uterus and intestinal smooth muscle: 50% Puhuang Injection has excitatory effect on isolated uterus of guinea pigs and uterus of rabbits in vivo. The regular uterine contraction was slightly enhanced at low dose, and the uterine excitation was significantly enhanced at high dose, showing irregular and spastic contraction. Ip2-3g/kg， It has obvious effect on induction of labor in guinea pigs and mice in the middle stage. The mechanism may be related to directly increasing uterine contraction and hemostasis. . Isorhamnetin contained in pollen Typhae has antispasmodic effect on isolated mouse intestine. The water-soluble part of pollen Typhae can be used to treat idiopathic ulcerative colitis related to immune allergy and infection. It can also prevent the formation of intestinal adhesion in animals.
5. effects on immune function: Typha longibracteata can significantly atrophy the thymus and spleen of rats, inhibit the immune response, and significantly enhance the function of macrophages at high doses, and has a trend to increase the cAMP content of thymus and spleen, which seems to indicate that Typha pollen has a dual regulatory effect. Thirty two patients with chronic nonspecific ulcerative colon were Po treated with retention enema of the water-soluble part of pollen Typhae. After administration, the complement C3 of the patients increased to normal, and the immunoglobulins decreased, in which the IgG decreased to normal, and the clinical symptoms improved. Its role seems to be related to the adjustment of immune function.
6. other effects: the water-soluble part of Typhae has strong inhibitory effect on Staphylococcus aureus, Shigella flexneri, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi, Shigella Smith and type 2 PARATYPHOID BACILLI in vitro; Quercetin also has antibacterial, antiallergic, antispasmodic and other effects. External application of pollen Typhae in the treatment of traumatic head edema. Injection of Puhuang Injection into the broken end of radius fracture in rats can promote healing, accelerate the absorption and organization of hematoma, activate the proliferation of osteoblasts and chondrocytes, and promote the formation of callus. However, the external application of gauze soaked with the water-soluble part of pollen Typhae has no such effect. . The ethanol extract of pollen Typhae can prolong the swimming and pole climbing time of mice, and has anti fatigue effect. It can also significantly eliminate ascites in rabbits. Field human verification shows that it has significant effect on preventing acute mountain reaction. Puhuang can activate blood circulation and remove blood stasis. It is often used for menstrual pain due to blood stasis, postpartum lochia, and abdominal pain due to blood stasis. Modern clinical reports are effective for coronary heart disease, and it also has a certain lipid-lowering effect on patients with high blood lipids. . It can reduce bleeding for functional uterine bleeding, hematuria, hematochezia, hemoptysis and epistaxis. It is clinically believed that motherwort has better contractile effect on postpartum uterus.