dandelion
1、 Pharmacopoeia standard of dandelion       This product is the dried whole grass of taraxacummongolicumhand.-mazz., taraxacumborealisinensekitam., or several plants of the same genus. From spring to autumn, the flowers are dug at the beginning of bloom, removed impurities, washed and dried in the sun.
      [character] this product is a crumpled and curly mass. The root is conical, mostly curved, 3-7cm long; the surface is brown, wrinkled; There are brown or yellowish white hairs on the root head, and some have fallen off. The leaves are basal, mostly shrunken and broken, the complete leaves are oblanceolate, green brown or dark gray green, the apex is pointed or blunt, the edge is lobed or pinnately divided, the base is gradually narrow, the downward extension is in the shape of a handle, and the main vein on the lower surface is obvious. The flower stem is 1 to several, each terminal capitulum, with multiple layers of involucral bracts, a long inner layer, and a yellow brown or yellowish white corolla. Some long oval achenes with white crown hairs can be seen. The breath is slight, and the taste is slightly bitter.
      [identification] (1) the leaf surface of this product: the vertical walls of the upper and lower epidermal cells are wavy, and the surface cuticular texture is obvious or sparse. There are non glandular hairs in the upper and lower epidermis, with 3-9 cells, 17-34 μ m in diameter, and the apical cells are very long, shrunk, whiplash or shed. There are many stomata in the lower epidermis, with indeterminate or inequality, 3-6 accessory guard cells, and mesophyll cells containing fine calcium oxalate crystals. Milk ducts can be seen next to the veins of the leaves. Cross section of root: cork cell sequence, brown. The phloem is broad, and the lacteal duct groups are intermittently arranged in several rounds. The cambium forms a ring. ; The duct is large and scattered.
      (2) Take 1g of the product powder, add 20ml of 5% formic acid in methanol, sonicate for 20 minutes, filter, evaporate the filtrate, add 10ml of water to dissolve the residue, filter, shake and extract the filtrate with ethyl acetate twice, 10ml each time, combine the ethyl acetate solution, evaporate to dryness, add 1ml of methanol to dissolve the residue, and use it as the test solution. Take caffeic acid reference substance and add methanol to make a solution containing 0.5mg per 1ml as the reference substance solution. . In the chromatogram of the test sample, fluorescent spots of the same color appear at the corresponding positions of the chromatogram of the control sample.
      [check] moisture   .
      [content determination] determine according to HPLC (general rule 0512).
      ; Octadecylsilane bonded silica gel was used as filler; The mobile phase was methanol phosphate buffer solution (1.56g sodium dihydrogen phosphate, dissolved into 1000ml with water, and then 1% phosphoric acid solution was added to adjust the pH value to 3.8 ～ 4.0) (23:77); The detection wavelength was 323nm, and the column temperature was 40 ℃. The number of theoretical plates shall not be less than 3000 according to the caffeic acid peak.
      Preparation of reference solution   Take an appropriate amount of caffeic acid reference substance, weigh it accurately, add methanol to make a solution containing 30 μ g per 1ml.
      Preparation of test solution   Take about 1g of crude powder of this product, weigh accurately, put it into a 50ml conical flask with stopper, add 10ml of methanol solution of 5% formic acid precisely, close the stopper, shake well, weigh, sonicate (power 250W, frequency 40KHz) for 30 minutes, take it out, cool it, weigh again, make up the lost weight with methanol solution of 5% formic acid, shake well, centrifuge, take the supernatant, and put it into a brown measuring bottle.
      Assay   .
      According to the calculation of dry product, the content of caffeic acid (c9h804) shall not be less than 0.020%.
      Decoction pieces
      [processing] remove impurities, wash, segment and dry.
      This product is irregular. The root surface is brown and wrinkled; There are brown or yellowish white hairs on the root head, and some have fallen off. The leaves are mostly shrunken and broken, green brown or dark grayish green, and the intact ones are oblanceolate after flattening, with sharp or blunt apex, shallow lobed or pinnately divided margin, gradually narrow base and stalklike downward extension. Capitulum, multilayered involucral bracts, and yellow brown or yellowish white corolla. Sometimes long oval achenes with white crown hairs can be seen. The breath is slight, and the taste is slightly bitter.
      [check] moisture   .
      [extract] according to the hot leaching method under the alcohol soluble extract determination method (general rule 2201), 75% ethanol shall be used as solvent, which shall not be less than 18.0%.
      [identification] [content determination] is the same as that of medicinal materials.
      [nature, taste and meridian tropism] bitter, sweet and cold. Return to liver and stomach channels.
      [functions and indications] it can clear away heat and toxin, dissipate swelling and nodules, diuresis and relieve gonorrhea. It is used for sore, swollen toxin, breast carbuncle, scrofula, red eye, sore throat, lung carbuncle, intestinal carbuncle, damp heat jaundice, hot shower, astringent pain.
      [usage and dosage] 10 ～ 15g.
      [storage] store in a ventilated and dry place, damp proof and mothproof.

2、 Chemical constituents of Taraxacum mongolicum
Dandelion whole grass containsDandelion sterol（taraxasterol）， Choline, inulin, pectin, etc.
,Taraxacum terpene alcohol（taraxerol），Dandelion sterol， φ - taraxasterol,β - geraniol（β-amyrin），Stigmasterol（stig-masterol），β - sitosterol（β-sitosterol）， Choline,caffeic acid（caffeic acid）， Inulin. Fructose, sucrose, glucose, p-hydroxyphenylacetic acid,palmitic acid（palmitic acid）， Ceretic acid, melisic acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid, etc. cycasin lutein（lutein）， VIOLAXAN thin, plastoquinone, vitamin C and D, etc. Flower containsAlidiol（arnidiol），luteinAnd flavoxanthin.

3、 Pharmacological effects of Taraxacum mongolicum
1. antibacterial effect: This product injection has strong bactericidal effect on Staphylococcus aureus resistant strains and hemolytic streptococcus in test tubes. It also has certain bactericidal effect on Diplococcus pneumoniae, meningococcus, Diphtheria Bacillus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Shigella dysenteriae, typhoid bacillus and catarrhalis. The alcohol extract of this product at 1:400 can inhibit tuberculosis, but the decoction at 1:100 is ineffective. Its 1:80 water decoction can delay the cytopathy of echo11 virus, and the alcohol extract (31mg/kg) can kill Leptospira, and it also has an inhibitory effect on some fungi. It has a good killing effect on Campylobacter pylori.
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3. anti tumor effect: the polysaccharide extracted from medicinal dandelion (TOF CFR) was administered to C3H mice inoculated with mm46 tumor cells at 40, 2, and 600mg/kg IP. The early administration had no effect, but the late administration every other day at 11-20d and 2-20d was effective. The delayed anaphylaxis (t-dhr) to tumor cells in ddy Ehrlich (syngeneic tumor) line and c3h-mm46 (syngeneic tumor) line was significantly higher than that in the control group after the late administration of TOF CFR. .
4. choleretic effect: according to foreign studies, this product has choleretic effect and is clinically effective in the treatment of chronic gallbladder spasm and lithiasis. In addition, this product has diuretic, stomach strengthening, diarrhea and other effects.