Platycodon grandiflorum
1、 Pharmacopoeia standard of Platycodon grandiflorum       This product is the dried root of Platycodon grandiflorum (jacqu.) a.dc., a plant of Platycodon family. Excavate in spring and autumn, wash, remove fibrous roots, peel off the skin or not while fresh, and dry.
      [properties] the product is cylindrical or slightly spindle shaped, tapering at the lower part, some of which have branches and slightly twisted, 7-20cm long and 0.7-2cm in diameter. The surface is yellowish white to yellow, and the surface of those without peeling is yellowish brown to grayish brown, with longitudinal wrinkling grooves, transverse lenticel like spots and branch root marks, and the upper part has transverse stripes. Some have short rhizomes at the top or are not obvious, and there are several semilunar stem marks on them. . It tastes slightly sweet and bitter.
      [identification] (1) cross section of this product: cork cells sometimes remain, and those without peeling have cork layer, which contains calcium oxalate small prisms. The inner layer of the bolt is narrow. Phloem lacteal duct groups are scattered, and the wall of lacteal duct is slightly thick, containing fine granular yellowish brown matter. The cambium forms a ring. . Parenchymal cells contain inulin.
      (2) Take this product, slice it, pack it with dilute glycerol, and observe it under a microscope. Fan shaped or quasi circular inulin crystals can be seen.
      (3) . Another 1g of Platycodon grandiflorum reference medicinal material was prepared into the reference medicinal material solution by the same method. According to the test of thin-layer chromatography (general rule 0502), suck 10 μ l each of the above two solutions, dot them on the same silica gel G thin-layer plate, use chloroform diethyl ether (2:1) as the developing agent, develop, take out, dry, spray 10% sulfuric acid ethanol solution, and heat at 105 ℃ until the spots are clear. .
      [inspection] the moisture content shall not exceed 15.0% (the second method of general rule 0832).
      The total ash content shall not exceed 6.0% (general rule 2302).
      [extract] according to the hot leaching method under the determination method of alcohol soluble extract (general rule 2201), the use of ethanol as solvent shall not be less than 17.0%.
      [content determination] determine according to HPLC (general rule 0512).
      ; Acetonitrile water (25:75) was used as mobile phase; Evaporative light scattering detector detection. The number of theoretical plates shall not be less than 3000 according to the peak D of platycodin.
      Preparation of reference solution take an appropriate amount of platycodin D reference substance, weigh accurately, add methanol to make a solution containing 0.5mg per 1ml.
    Preparation of the test solution take about 2G of the powder (through No. 2 screen), accurately weigh, precisely add 50ml of 50% methanol, weigh, sonicate (power 250W, frequency 40KHz) for 30 minutes, cool, then weigh, use 50% methanol to make up the weight lost, shake well, filter, accurately measure 25ml of the continuous filtrate, put it in a water bath to evaporate, add 20ml of water to the residue, slightly heat it to dissolve, shake and extract with water saturated n-butanol for three times, 20ml each time, combine n-butanol solution, wash with 50ml of ammonia test solution, discard the ammonia solution, and then wash with 50ml of n-butanol saturated water, discard remove the water solution, evaporate the n-butanol solution to dryness, add 3ml of methanol to dissolve the residue, add 0.5g of silica gel, mix well, evaporate it on a water bath, add it to the silica gel column [100-120 mesh, 10g, inner diameter 2cm, wet mount the column with trichloromethane methanol (9:1) mixed solution], Elute with 50ml of trichloromethane methanol (9:1) mixed solution, discard the eluent, elute with 100ml of trichloromethane methanol water (60:20:3) mixed solution, discard the eluent, elute with 100ml of trichloromethane methanol water (60:29:6) mixed solution, collect the eluent, evaporate to dryness, add methanol to dissolve the residue, transfer to a 5ml volumetric flask, add methanol to the scale, shake well, filter, and get it.
      The determination method is to accurately suck 5 μ L and 10 μ l of the reference solution and 10 ～ 15 μ l of the test solution, inject them into the liquid chromatograph, determine, and calculate with the external standard two-point method logarithmic equation.
      The content of platycodin D (c57h92o28) in this product shall not be less than 0.10% based on the dry product.
      Decoction pieces
      .
      This product is oval or irregular thick. Most of the skin has been removed or occasionally remains. The cut skin is yellowish white and narrow; ; The wood is wide with many cracks. It tastes slightly sweet and bitter.
      [inspection] the moisture content shall not exceed 12.0% (the second method of general rule 0832).
      The total ash content shall not exceed 5.0% (general rule 2302).
      [identification] (except for the transverse section) [extract] [content determination] is the same as that of medicinal materials.
      [nature, taste and meridian tropism] bitter, pungent and peaceful. Return to lung meridian.
      [functions and indications] it can promote lung circulation, promote swallowing, remove phlegm, and expel pus. It is used for coughing with excessive phlegm, chest tightness, sore throat, hoarse voice, lung carbuncle and pus vomiting.
      [usage and dosage] 3 ~ 10g.
      [storage] store in a ventilated and dry place to prevent moths.


2、 Chemical constituents of Platycodon grandiflorum
; Platycodin aPlatycodinC、PlatycodinD[1]、PlatycodinD2、PlatycodinD3、Platycodin G1、Platycodin e，Apigenin D（deapioplatycodin）、Apigenin D3、， 2-o-= 2-o-acetylplatycodin D2, 3-o-acetylplatycodin D2,Polygalasaponin D（polyglalacin）、Polygala tenuifolia saponinD2, 2-o-acetylpolygalacin D, D2, 3-o-acetylpolygalacin D, D2, methyl platyconate-a, methyl-2-o-methylplatyconate-a, platyconic acid-a lactone [2], the main components of which areplatycodin d Platycodin A is also known as 2-o-acetyl platycodin D, and platycodin C is also known as 3-o-acetyl platycodin D. the saponins produced by complete hydrolysis of a variety of mixed saponins include:Platycodin（platycodigenin）[3]，Polygalaric acid（polygalacic acid）[4]， And a small amount of platycodigenin [3],Polygalaric acid（polygalacic acid）[4]， And a small amount of PLATYCOGENIC acid A, B, c[5]; If the mixed saponins are partially hydrolyzed, eight kinds of secondary saponins (pros aponin) are obtained, which are in the form of methyl esters or separated in the separation process: methyl 3-O - β - D-glucopyranosyl Polygala cat, methyl 3-O - β - laminaribiosyl polygalacate, 3-O - β - D-glucopyranosyl platycogenin methyl ester yranosyl platycodigenin methyl Ester) 3-O - β - gentinobiosylplatycodin methyl ester, 3-O - β - D-glucopyranosyl platycogenin a lactone methyl ester, 3-O - β - D-glucopyranosyl platycogenin a dimethyl ester, 2-O - β - D-glucopyranosyl platycogenin a dimethyl ester,dimethyl 3-O - β - D-glucopyranosyl campanulate a 2-o-methyl-3-o-methyl-3-o-d-glucopyranosyl platycogenate a) [6]. the root also containsBetulinBetulin, α - spinasterol, α - spinasterol - β - D-glucoside [2].

3、 Pharmacological effects of Platycodon grandiflorum
1. expectorant and antitussive effects: oral administration of 1g/kg of this Decoction to anesthetized dogs can significantly increase the secretion of airway mucus, and its intensity can be compared with that of ammonium chloride. It also has obvious expectorant effect on anesthetized cats. It has been reported that the expectorant effect of platycodin is stronger than that of Polygala tenuifolia, and second to that of poygala senegal. The results of phenol red test in mice were weaker than those of Polygala tenuifolia. . The half effective dose of intraperitoneal injection and antitussive in guinea pigs was 6.4mg/kg.
2. hypoglycemic effect: 200mg/kg water or alcohol extract of Platycodon grandiflorum by gavage can reduce blood glucose in rabbits, and the hypoglycemic curve of water extract is similar to that of 25-50mg/kg methamphetamine by gavage. Water and alcohol extract 500mg/kg were gavaged for 4 consecutive days, which also had hypoglycemic effect on experimental alloxan diabetic rabbits. The reduced liver glycogen also recovered after treatment, and it could inhibit the rise of food induced blood glucose. The effect of alcohol extract was stronger than that of water extract.
3. inhibition of gastric juice secretion and anti ulcer effect: crude Platycodon grandiflorum saponin can inhibit gastric juice secretion and anti peptic ulcer effect in rats at a dose lower than 1/5 of the median lethal dose. At the dose of 100mg/kg, it can almost completely inhibit the secretion of gastric juice caused by pylorus ligation in rats. The duodenal injection of 25mg/kg crude platycodin in rats can prevent the formation of peptic ulcer, and its effect is equivalent to that of subcutaneous injection of 10mg/kg atropine, but the preventive effect of 100mg/kg gavage on the formation of stress ulcer is twice weaker than that of subcutaneous injection of 10mg/kg atropine. For the ulcer model induced by acetic acid in rats, crude platycodin can significantly reduce the ulcer coefficient, and the curative effect of 25mg/kg daily group is higher than that of fm100 200mg/kg daily group.
. Intragastric administration of a dose less than 1/10 of the median lethal dose, once a day, for continuous administration, also had a significant inhibitory effect on cotton ball granuloma in rats, and was also effective on adjuvant arthritis in rats. This preparation can also reduce allergic reactions and capillary permeability in mice. The writhing reaction and peritoneal exudation in mice induced by intraperitoneal injection of Platycodon grandiflorum saponin can be inhibited by gavage of the same saponin. Platycodon grandiflorum has no direct antibacterial effect, but its water extract can enhance the phagocytic function of macrophages and enhance the bactericidal power of neutrophils. Improve the activity of lysozyme.
5. effect on circulatory system: rats were injected with crude Platycodon saponin intravenously, which showed temporary blood pressure drop, heart rate slowing and respiratory depression. It has negative inotropic effect on isolated guinea pig auricle at high concentration. The arterial injection of 200-800mg/kg crude platycodin in anesthetized dogs can reduce the resistance of coronary arteries and limb vessels and increase blood flow, and its intensity can be compared with that of papaverine. When 4mg/kg intravenous injection can also increase the coronary artery and hindlimb blood flow, accompanied by temporary hypotension. This vasodilation is thought to be a direct effect on peripheral blood vessels.
. It can inhibit the spontaneous activity of mice and prolong the sleep time of cyclohexbarbital sodium. But it has no protective effect on electric shock and pentylenetetrazol convulsion. Platycodon grandiflorum saponin can reduce the content of cholesterol in the liver of rats, increase the excretion of cholesterol and cholic acid, and has anti acetylcholine and anti histamine effects. It can inhibit the contraction of isolated guinea pig ileum caused by acetylcholine and histamine. Rats were gavaged with 2 g / kg Platycodon grandiflorum, which had inhibitory and diuretic effects on congestion edema caused by bilateral jugular vein ligation. The in vitro test showed that the decoction of this product had an inhibitory effect on Trichophyton flocculus at a ratio of 1:10, and the betulin contained in this product had marginal antitumor activity on rat Wacker z56 intramuscular tumor system (swa16) at a concentration of 400mg/kg.