Panax japonicus
1、 Pharmacopoeia standard of zhuzishen       This product is Panax japonicus , a plant of Araliaceae; C. A. mey. var. major (burk.) C. y. Wu et K. M. Feng or Panax notoginseng Panax japonicus C. A. Mey. var. bipinnatifidus （Seem.） C. Y. Wu et K. M. Feng Dried rhizomes of. Excavate in autumn, remove the coarse skin and fibrous roots, and dry them; Or dry after steaming (boiling) thoroughly.
      . It is hard, with uneven section, yellowish white and powdery. It tastes bitter and sweet with slight Qi. Chewing it pricks the throat. Steamed (boiled) is yellowish white or yellowish brown in cross-section, slightly horny, slightly bitter and sweet in taste, and does not sting the throat when chewed.
      [identification] (1) cross section of this product: the cork layer is a series of cork cells. The cortex is slightly narrow and has secretory ducts, which are round or oblong in shape, with a diameter of 32-500 μ m and 5-18 surrounding secretory cells. Phloem part of the urinary tract is smaller. . Xylem vessels are arranged in a radial or "V" shape; The duct is polygonal, with a diameter of about 76 μ m; The rays are broad. Central myelination. Parenchyma cells contain starch granules, and some contain calcium oxalate clusters.
      (2) Take 1g of the product powder, add 30ml of methanol, sonicate for 40 minutes, filter, evaporate the filtrate, add 20ml of water to dissolve the residue, shake and extract with saturated n-butanol for three times (20ml, 15ml, 15ml), combine the n-butanol solution, evaporate to dryness, add 5ml of methanol to dissolve the residue, and use it as the test solution. In addition, take the reference substance of Panax japonicus saponin IVA and ginsenoside RO, and add methanol to make a solution containing 2mg per 1ml as the reference solution. According to the test of thin-layer chromatography (general rule 0502), suck 1 μ l of each of the above three solutions, dot them on the same silica gel G thin-layer plate, use the upper solution of n-butanol ethyl acetate methanol formic acid water (5:10:0.5:0.3:3.5) as the developing agent, develop, take out, air dry, spray 10% ethyl sulfate solution, heat at 105 ℃ until the spots are clear, and check under the ultraviolet light (365nm). In the chromatogram of the test sample, fluorescent spots of the same color appear at the corresponding positions of the chromatogram of the control sample.
      [inspection] the moisture content shall not exceed 14.0% (the second method of general rule 0832).
      The total ash content shall not exceed 7.0% (general rule 2302).
      [content determination] determine according to HPLC (general rule 0512).
        Chromatographic conditions and system suitability test octadecylsilane bonded silica gel was used as filler; The mobile phase was acetonitrile-0.2% phosphoric acid solution (35:65); The detection wavelength was 203nm, and the column temperature was 30 ℃. .
      Preparation of reference solution take an appropriate amount of reference substance of Panax japonicus saponin IVA, weigh accurately, add 60% ethanol to make a solution containing 0.2mg per 1ml.
      Preparation of test solution take about 0.1g of the powder (passing through No. 2 screen), accurately weigh it, place it in a corked conical flask, precisely add 25ml of 60% ethanol, weigh it, sonicate (power 180W, frequency 40KHz) for 40 minutes, cool it, weigh it again, make up the lost weight with 60% ethanol, shake it well, filter it, and take the filtrate.
      Determination method precisely suck 20 μ l of the reference solution and 20 μ l of the test solution into the liquid chromatograph for determination.
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      Decoction pieces
      . Mash when needed.
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      [nature, taste and meridian tropism] bitter, sweet and slightly cold. Return to liver, lung and stomach channels.
      [functions and indications] tonifying lung and nourishing Yin, removing blood stasis, relieving pain, and stopping bleeding. It is used for deficiency of both qi and Yin, fever and thirst, cough due to fatigue, falling and flapping injury, arthralgia, hemoptysis, hematemesis, hemorrhage, metrorrhagia, trauma and hemorrhage.
      [usage and dosage] 3-9g. Apply an appropriate amount externally, and apply on the affected part after grinding.
      [storage] store in a dry place to prevent moths.


2、 Chemical constituents of Panax japonicus
The rhizome of Panax japonicus contains chikusetsu saponin Ⅲ, Ⅳ, ⅤGinsenoside Rd(ginsenoside)、GinsenosidesRe、GinsenosidesRg1、GinsenosidesRg2，Notoginsenoside R2(notoginsenosideR2)，Pseudoginseng saponin F11(pseudo-ginsenosideF11)，  Methyl ester of chikusetsu saponin V, other five saponins: oleanolic acid-3-o - β -d- (6'- methyl ester) Oleanolicacid-3-o - β -d- (6'-methylester) -glucuronopyranoside], oleanolicacid-28-o - β - d-glucopyranoside, β - sitosterol-3-o - β - d-glucopyranoside, Oleanolic acid-3-o - [β -d- (6'- methyl ester) - glucopyranosyl] - 28-o - β - d-glucopyranoside oleanolicacid-3-O-[β-D-(6'-methylester),glucuronopyranosyl］-28-O-β-D-glucopyranoside}, Oleanolic acid-3-o - [β - D-glucopyranose (1 → 2) - β - D-glucopyranose] - 28-o - β - d-glucopyranoside

3、 Pharmacological effects of Panax japonicus
. The effect of total glycosides from rhizomes of Panax japonicus produced in Sichuan on interleukin (II) (IL-II) showed that Panax japonicus had analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects, but the immune effect was not obvious. According to the pharmacological effects, the chemical components of Sichuan produced pearl and Yunnan produced pearl ginseng are different. Yunnan produced pearl ginseng seems to have higher ginsenoside content than Sichuan produced pearl ginseng, which needs further study. Pharmacological experiments also showed that: zhuzishen has anti arrhythmia effect.