Magnolia officinalis
1、 Pharmacopoeia standard of Magnolia officinalis       This product is the dried bark, root bark and branch bark of Magnolia officinalis rehd. et wils. or Magnolia officinalis rehd. et wils. var. bilobarehd. et wils., Magnolia officinalis rehd. et wils., a Magnoliaceae plant. ; After the dry skin is slightly boiled in boiling water, it is piled up in a damp place and "sweats" until the inner surface becomes purplish brown or tan. It is steamed soft, taken out, rolled into a barrel, and dried.
      [character] the dry skin is in roll shape or double roll shape, with a length of 30-35cm and a thickness of 0.2-0.7cm, which is commonly known as "Tunpu"; One end of the dry skin near the root is like a bell mouth, 13 ~ 25cm long and 0.3 ~ 0.8cm thick, which is commonly known as "simple boots". The outer surface is grayish brown or grayish brown, rough, sometimes scaly, easy to peel off, with obvious oval lenticels and longitudinal wrinkles, and those who scrape off the coarse skin show yellowish brown. The inner surface is purplish brown or dark purplish brown, relatively smooth, with fine longitudinal lines, which show oil marks. It is hard and not easy to break. The section is granular. The outer layer is grayish brown, and the inner layer is purplish brown or brown. It is oily. In some cases, most small bright stars can be seen. It is fragrant, spicy and slightly bitter.
      The root bark (genpu) is a single tube or irregular piece; Some bend like chicken intestines, which is commonly known as "simple Chicken Intestines". It is hard and easy to break, with fibrous section.
      The branch bark (Zhipu) is in a single tube shape, 10-20cm long and 0.1-0.2cm thick. It is brittle, easy to break, and has fibrous section.
      [identification] (1) cross section of this product: the cork layer is more than 10 rows of cells; In some cases, the descending cortex can be seen. There are stone cell rings on the outer side of the cortex, and most oil cells and stone cell groups are scattered on the inner side. Phloem ray width 1-3 rows of cells; Most fibers are in bundles; There are also scattered oil cells. . There are many fibers with a diameter of 15 ～ 32 μ m, and the wall is very thick. Some are wavy or one side is serrated, lignified, and the hole groove is not obvious. Stone cells are square, oval, ovoid or irregularly branched, with a diameter of 11-65 μ m, and sometimes with laminations. The oil cells are oval or quasi round with a diameter of 50-85 μ m and contain yellowish brown oil.
      (2) Take 0.5g of this product powder, add 5ml of methanol, plug tightly, shake for 30 minutes, filter, and take the filtrate as the test solution. In addition, take magnolol reference substance and magnolol reference substance, add methanol to make a mixed solution containing 1mg per 1ml as the reference solution. According to the test of thin-layer chromatography (general rule 0502), suck 5 μ l of each of the above two solutions, dot them on the same silica gel G thin-layer plate, use toluene methanol (17:1) as the developing agent, develop, take out, dry, spray 1% vanillin sulfuric acid solution, and heat at 100 ℃ until the spots are clear. In the chromatogram of the test sample, spots with the same color appear at the corresponding position of the chromatogram of the control sample.
      [inspection] the moisture content shall not exceed 15.0% (the fourth method of general rule 0832).  
        The total ash content shall not exceed 7.0% (general rule 2302).
      Acid insoluble ash content shall not exceed 3.0% (general rule 2302).
      [content determination] determine according to HPLC (general rule 0512).
      ; Octadecylsilane bonded silica gel was used as filler; Methanol water (78:22) was used as mobile phase; The detection wavelength was 294nm. The number of theoretical plates should not be less than 3800 according to the magnolol peak.
      Preparation of reference solution   Take an appropriate amount of magnolol reference substance and magnolol reference substance, weigh accurately, add methanol to make a solution containing 40 μ g and 24 μ g of magnolol per 1ml, respectively.
      Preparation of test solution   Take about 0.2g of this product powder (passing through No. 3 screen), weigh it accurately, place it in a corked conical flask, precisely add 25ml of methanol, shake well, close the stopper, soak for 24 hours, filter it, accurately measure 5ml of continuous filtrate, place it in a 25ml measuring flask, add methanol to the scale, shake well, and then get it.
      The determination method is to precisely suck 4 μ l of each of the above two reference solutions and 3 ～ 5 μ l of the test solution, inject them into the liquid chromatograph, and determine.
      The total content of magnolol (c18h18o2) and honokiol (c18h18o2) in this product shall not be less than 2.0% according to the dry product.
      Decoction pieces
      [processing] scrape off the rough skin of Magnolia officinalis, wash, moisten, shred and dry.
      This product is in the shape of curved silk strips or single or double reels. The outer surface is grayish brown, and sometimes oval lenticels or longitudinal wrinkles can be seen. The inner surface is purplish brown or dark purplish brown, relatively smooth, with fine longitudinal lines, which show oil marks. The cut surface is granular, oily, and some small bright stars can be seen. It is fragrant, spicy and slightly bitter.
      [inspection] the moisture content is the same as that of medicinal materials, and shall not exceed 10.0%.
      The total ash content is the same as that of medicinal materials, and shall not exceed 5.0%.
      [identification] (except the cross-sectional surface) [inspection] (acid insoluble ash) [content determination] is the same as that of medicinal materials.
      Ginger Magnolia officinalis take Magnolia officinalis silk and fry it according to the ginger juice roasting method (general rule 0213). This product is shaped like Magnolia officinalis silk, with a grayish brown surface and occasional focal spots. Slightly spicy ginger.
      [inspection] the moisture content is the same as that of medicinal materials, and shall not exceed 10.0%.
      The total ash content is the same as that of medicinal materials, and shall not exceed 5.0%.
      [content determination] the total content of magnolol (c18h18o2) and honokiol (c18h18o2) in the same medicinal material shall not be less than 1.6%.
      [identification] (except for the cross section) [inspection] (acid insoluble ash) is the same as that of medicinal materials.
      [nature, taste and meridian tropism] bitter, pungent and warm. Return to spleen, stomach, lung and large intestine.
      [functions and indications] dry dampness and eliminate phlegm, lower Qi and remove fullness. It is used in dampness and stagnation injury, abdominal distension and constipation, phlegm and cough.
      [usage and dosage] 3 ~ 10g.
      [storage] store in a ventilated and dry place.


2、 Chemical constituents of Magnolia officinalis
1. bark of Magnolia officinalis contains lignan compounds:Magnolol（magnolol），Honokiol（honokiol）， And obovatol, 6 '- o-methyl and 6' - o-methylhonokiol, magnaldehyde B, C,Magnolia lignan a（magnolignan）A、Magnolia lignanB、Magnolia lignanC、Magnolia lignanD、Magnolia lignanE and Taiwan Sassafras aldehyde; Monoterpene lignans: piperitylmagnolol, dipieritylmagnolol, piperitylhonokiol and bornylmagnol; Lignocellulosic compounds: Taiwan Sassafras (randiol), magnatriol B, magnolialdehyde D, E; Bilobesomes: F, G, h and I of Magnolia officinalis; Alkaloids:Magnolia curculine(magnocurarine) and salicifoline [2]; Volatile oil: contains more than 30 ingredients, mainly includingβ - eucalyptol（β-eudesmol）17．4％， 14.6% of cadinol,Guaiacol（guaiol）8．7％， P-cymene 7.8%, 1,4-cineol 5.6%, Caryophyll ene 5.0%.The results showed that the concentration of p-cymene, 1,4-cineol, caryophyllene, 1,4-cineol, 1,4-cineol, 1,4-cineol, 1,4-cineol, 1,4-cineol, 1,4-cineol, 1,4-cineol, 1,4,Linalool. It also contains sinapicaldehyde, syringaresinol, syringaresinol-4 '- O - β - d-glucopyra noside and 1- (4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl) - 2 - [4- (ω - hydroxypropyl) - 2-methoxyphenoxy] - 1,3-propanediol

3、 Pharmacological effects of Magnolia officinalis
1. antibacterial effect the ether and methanol extracts of Magnolia officinalis have strong antibacterial effect on the cariogenic bacterium Streptococcus mutans, and its antibacterial active components are determined as honokiol and honokiol. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the two drugs against Streptococcus mutans was 6.3 μ g /ml, and their antibacterial effect (against Streptococcus mutans) was stronger than that of berberine. The saturated aqueous solution of Magnoliae officinalis and Magnolia officinalis volatile oil, the primary components of Magnolia officinalis, has certain antibacterial effect on Staphylococcus aureus, octococcus and Bacillus subtilis. Magnolia officinalis also has antibacterial activity against Diplococcus pneumoniae and Shigella dysenteriae.
2. in the range of 0.1-1ml (10mg/ml), magnoliae gradually increased the tension of isolated rabbit duodenum. When it reached 1.5ml, the muscle tension gradually inhibited, and the frequency slowed down. When it reached 2.5ml, the intestinal muscle contraction activity completely stopped. The rats with anti HCl ethanol ulcer effect of Magnolia officinalis alcohol extract weighed 200g. The administration group was given 50% ethanol extract of Magnolia officinalis orally, while the control group was set up. After 1 hour of administration, the rats were given HCl ethanol 15% methanol, and the animals were sacrificed after 1 hour. The total ulcer length (mm) of the mucosa was taken as the ulcer index and compared with the control group. Results the administration group showed significant inhibitory effect on gastric mucosal ulcer, and one of its active ingredients was identified as honokiol and honokiol. The acute stress gastric ulcer in rats was induced by water immersion stimulation. The gastric juice secretion of rats was measured by intragastric perfusion method, and the gastric bleeding of stress loaded rats was measured under the condition of artificial gastric juice perfusion. The results showed that magnolol could prevent stress-induced gastric dysfunction.
. The aggregation of whole blood was less affected by these two inhibitors. Magnolol and honokiol inhibited the formation of thromboxane B2 under various conditions, and the increase of intracellular Ca caused by arachidonic acid or collagen was also inhibited by both. The antiplatelet effect of magnolol and honokiol is due to the inhibition of thromboxane B2 and intracellular Ca flow.
4. effect on central nervous system: magnoliae has a relaxing effect on striated muscle. After intravenous injection of 13.8mg/kg, the muscle relaxant effect of repeated intravenous injection of the same dose to rabbits was not weakened, suggesting no rapid tolerance. In the experiment of phrenic nerve diaphragm specimen in rats, 30% Magnolia officinalis can reduce the contraction amplitude of diaphragm by about 40%. When the concentration increases to 40%, the contraction amplitude of diaphragm almost stops. . Magnolol and isomagnolol contained in this product have central muscle relaxation effect. At a higher dose, the righting and catabolism of mice disappeared. In the spinal cord metabolism test of chicks, magnolol and isomagnolol intraperitoneal injection can significantly inhibit the extensor reflex, which can be antagonized by a large dose of strychnine. It is considered that they belong to non curare like muscle relaxants and their effect is stronger than that of mephenesin, indicating that magnolol and isomagnolol have special and lasting muscle relaxant activity. When magnolol passed through the ventral spinal artery in frogs, it only slowly decreased the anterior root metabolizing potential, and had little effect on the posterior root potential. The interaction between magnolol and GABA, the spinal inhibitory conduction substance, and glutamate, the precursor of excitatory conduction substance, showed that magnolol could significantly inhibit the effect of glutamate, but had no effect on GABA. It is shown that magnolol exerts its effect through the interaction with neurotransmitters in the spinal cord, with high specificity and unique mechanism. Mice were injected intraperitoneally and orally with Magnolia officinalis ether extract, respectively, and the grip strength was easily detected by metal mesh suspension method; The effect of inhibiting spinal cord reflex was detected by chick cross stretch reflex, indicating a central muscle relaxant effect. . Magnolia officinalis ether extract showed a relatively mild slow wave effect on spontaneous brain waves, especially the appearance of fusiform waves in the electrocorticogram. During the arousal response to stimulation of brainstem reticular formation or anterior subthalamus, the stimulation threshold increased, indicating that it has an inhibitory effect on brainstem reticular activation system and hypothalamic activation system. Magnolol and honokiol also have a strong inhibitory effect on spinal cord reflex. Three rabbits in the experiment of rabbit head drop were slowly injected with the normal saline solution (40mg/ml) of the iodomethane compound of Magnolia officinalis alkaloids from the ear vein, and the rabbit head drop reaction stopped immediately, with an average dose of 330mg/kg. A large amount of salivation appeared when the bolus dose was 1/3. Neostigmine methylsulfate injection could antagonize this reaction, which was similar to the pharmacological effect of the muscle relaxant sinomenine.
5. blood pressure lowering effect: one cat (weighing 2.1-2.7kg) was injected with Magnoliae 3mg/kg intravenously, and the blood pressure decreased by about 20mmhg for about 10 minutes.
6. borneol magnolol has anti allergic effect.
7. Magnolia officinalis methanol extract and magnolol have obvious inhibitory effects on mouse skin tumors caused by phase II carcinogenesis test in vivo.