honeysuckle
1、 Pharmacopoeia standard of honeysuckle       This product is the dried flower bud or the flower with initial opening of Lonicera japonica thunb., a plant of the family Lonicera japonica. Harvest and dry the flowers before opening in summer.
      [properties] the product is rod-shaped, thick at the top and thin at the bottom, slightly curved, 2-3cm long, with a diameter of 3mm at the upper part and 1.5mm at the lower part. The surface is yellowish white or greenish white (dark after storage), and densely covered with pubescence. Leafy bracts are occasionally seen. ; Stamens 5, attached to tube wall, yellow; Pistil 1, ovary glabrous. It tastes light and bitter.
      . There are many glandular hairs. The head is inverted conical, quasi circular or slightly oblate, with 4-33 cells, forming 2-4 layers, with a diameter of 30-64-108 µ m, and the stalk is 1-5 cells, up to 700 µ m in length. There are two kinds of non glandular hairs: one is thick walled non glandular hair, single-cell, up to 90 µ m in length, with micro verrucous or vesicular protrusions on the surface, and some have threads; The other is thin-walled non glandular hair, single-cell, very long, curved or wrinkled, with micro warty protrusions on the surface. The diameter of calcium oxalate cluster crystals is 6-45 µ M. the pollen grains are round or triangular, with fine short spines and fine granular carvings on the surface, with 3-hole grooves.
      (2) Take 0.2g of this product powder, add 5ml of methanol, place for 12 hours, filter, and take the filtrate as the test solution. In addition, take chlorogenic acid reference substance and add methanol to make a solution containing 1mg per 1ml as the reference substance solution. Test according to thin-layer chromatography (general rule 0502), suck 10-20 µ l of the test solution and 10 µ l of the control solution, respectively dot them on the same silica gel h thin-layer plate, use the upper solution of butyl acetate formic acid water (7:2.5:2.5) as the developing agent, develop, take out, dry, and view under ultraviolet light (365nm). In the chromatogram of the test sample, fluorescent spots of the same color appear at the corresponding positions of the chromatogram of the control sample.
      [check] moisture   Not more than 12.0% (the fourth method of general rule 0832).
        Total ash   Not more than 10.0% (general rule 2302).
      Acid insoluble ash   Not more than 3.0% (general rule 2302).
      Heavy metals and harmful elements   According to the determination method of lead, cadmium, arsenic, mercury and copper (general rule 2321 atomic absorption spectrophotometry or inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry), lead shall not exceed 5mg/kg; Cadmium shall not exceed 0.3mg/kg; Arsenic shall not exceed 2mg/kg; Mercury shall not exceed 0.2mg/kg; .
      [content determination] chlorogenic acid   Determine according to high-performance liquid chromatography (general rule 0512).
      ; Octadecylsilane bonded silica gel was used as filler; The mobile phase was acetonitrile-0.4% phosphoric acid solution (13:87); The detection wavelength is 327nm. The number of theoretical plates should not be less than 1000 according to the chlorogenic acid peak.
      Preparation of reference solution   Take an appropriate amount of chlorogenic acid reference substance, accurately weigh it, put it into a brown measuring flask, add 50% methanol to make a solution containing 40 µ g per 1ml, and then get it (stored under 10 ℃).
      Preparation of test solution   Take about 0.5g of this product powder (passing through No. 4 screen), weigh it accurately, place it in a corked conical flask, add 50ml of 50% methanol precisely, weigh it, sonicate (power 250W, frequency 35kHz) for 30 minutes, cool it, weigh it again, use 50% methanol to make up the lost weight, shake it well, filter it, accurately measure 5ml of the filtrate, place it in a 25ml Brown volumetric flask, add 50% methanol to the scale, shake it well, and get it.
      Assay   Precisely suck 5-10 µ l of the reference solution and the test solution respectively and inject them into the liquid chromatograph for determination.
      According to the calculation of dry product, the content of chlorogenic acid (c16h18o9) shall not be less than 1.5%.
      Luteolin   Determine according to high-performance liquid chromatography (general rule 0512).
      ; Phenylsilane bonded silica gel was used as filler (Agilent Zorbax sb phenyl 4.6mm × 250mm, 5 µ m), acetonitrile was used as mobile phase a, and 0.5% glacial acetic acid solution was used as mobile phase B. gradient elution was performed according to the following table; The detection wavelength is 350nm. The number of theoretical plates should not be less than 20000 according to the luteolin peak.
    --------------------------------------------------
            Time (minutes)           ;         Mobile phase B (%)    
    --------------------------------------------------
          0～15            10→20          90→80
         15～30              20              80   
         30～40            20→30          80→70
    --------------------------------------------------
      ; Take an appropriate amount of luteolin reference substance, accurately weigh it, add 70% ethanol to make a solution containing 40 µ g per 1ml.
      Preparation of test solution   Take about 2G of this product powder (passing through No. 4 screen), accurately weigh it, place it in a corked conical flask, precisely add 50ml of 70% ethanol, weigh it, sonicate (power 250W, frequency 35kHz) for 1 hour, cool it, weigh it again, use 70% ethanol to make up the lost weight, shake it well, and filter it. Accurately measure 10ml of the continuous filtrate, recover the solvent to dryness, dissolve the residue with 70% ethanol, transfer it to a 5ml volumetric flask, and add 70% ethanol to the scale.
      Assay   Precisely suck 10 µ l of the control solution and 10 µ l of the test solution respectively, inject them into the liquid chromatograph, and determine.
      According to the calculation of dry product, the content of luteolin (c21h20o11) shall not be less than 0.050%.
      [nature, taste and meridian tropism] sweet, cold. .
      [functions and indications] clear away heat and detoxify, and evacuate wind heat. It is used for carbuncle, swelling and sore, throat obstruction, erysipelas, heat toxin and blood dysentery, wind heat and cold, febrile disease and fever.
      [usage and dosage] 6 ～ 15g.
      [storage] store in a cool and dry place, damp proof and mothproof.


2、 Chemical constituents of honeysuckle
Honeysuckle flower containschlorogenic acid（chlorogenic acid），Isochlorogenic acid A（isochlorogenic acid），Isochlorogenic acid B，Isochlorogenic acid C, ginkgo,β - sitosterol（β-sitosterol），Stigmasterol(stigmasterol), β - sitosteryl-d-glucoside, stigmasterol-d-glucoside [2]; It also contains volatile oil, which containsLinalool（linalool）， Cis-2,6,6-trimethyl-2-vinyl-5-hydroxy-tetrahydropyran, ethyl palmitate, 1,1-bicyclohexyl, methyllinoleate, 3-methyl-2 - (2-pentenyl) - 2-cyclopenten-1-one, trans- trans farnesol), ethyl linolenate, β - cubebene, Cis-3-hexen-1-ol,α - terpineol（α-terpineol）,Geraniol（geraniol）， ,Eugenol(Eugenol) andCarvacrol(carvacrol) and so on.
Zizania glandularis flower containschlorogenic acid[5]。
The flower buds of Lonicera fulvotomentoside contain fulvotomentoside a,α - Ivy saponin（α-hederin）， Sapindoside b[6],chlorogenic acid，caffeic acid（caffeic acid），Luteolin（sapindoside）B[6]，chlorogenic acid，caffeic acid（caffe acid），Luteolin(luteolin) and volatile oil, the main components of which areLinalool, l-cis-2,6,6-trimethyl-2-vinyl-5-guanyl-tetrahydropyran,α - terpineol，Geraniol,Eugenol, CIS linalool oxide and trans linalool oxide, etc. [7].

3、 Pharmacological effects of honeysuckle
1. anti pathogenic microorganism effect: in vitro experiments showed that Hua and Teng had certain inhibitory effect on a variety of pathogenic bacteria, such as Staphylococcus aureus, hemolytic streptococcus, Escherichia coli, dysentery bacillus, Vibrio cholerae, typhoid bacillus, paratyphoid bacillus, and also effective on pneumococcus, meningococcus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The effect of water extract is stronger than that of decoction, and the effect of leaf decoction is stronger than that of flower decoction. If combined with Forsythia suspensa, the antibacterial range can also be complementary; When combined with penicillin, it can strengthen the antibacterial effect of penicillin on drug-resistant staphylococcus aureus, which may have a synergistic effect on inhibiting protein synthesis in bacteria. Some people believe that chlorogenic acid and isochlorogenic acid are the main antibacterial active ingredients of honeysuckle. Other experiments have proved that luteolin also has strong antibacterial effect. The water extract of this product has different degrees of inhibitory effect on dermatophytes such as tinea versicolor and Nocardia starum in vitro. . The aqueous solution of rattan can also delay the pathogenicity of cells caused by orphan virus. The test tube experiment showed that the decoction of honeysuckle and its vine had inhibitory effect on Leptospira. The combination of honeysuckle vine and Senecio scandens for intraperitoneal injection and subcutaneous injection is said to have the effect of treating rabbits and preventing Uncaria spiralis disease. Intraperitoneal injection of 7.5g/kg of honeysuckle injection can make more than half of the mice receiving ld90 of Pseudomonas aeruginosa endotoxin or Pseudomonas aeruginosa survive. Intravenous injection of honeysuckle distillate 6G / kg has therapeutic effect on rabbits with Pseudomonas aeruginosa endotoxin poisoning. The body temperature and the total number of white blood cells of untreated animals decreased significantly, white blood cells showed nuclear left shift phenomenon, while the body temperature of animals in the administration group increased slightly, although white blood cells increased, but the classification did not change significantly. In addition, intravenous administration of Jinhuang injection (made of honeysuckle and Scutellaria baicalensis) 7.5G / kg also had a certain anti effect on Pseudomonas aeruginosa endotoxin poisoning in rabbits, and could reduce poisoning symptoms and death.
2. anti inflammatory and antipyretic effects: intraperitoneal injection of honeysuckle extract 0.25g / kg can inhibit carrageenan induced foot swelling in rats. It is also reported that honeysuckle injection 30-40g / kg can reduce the degree of egg white foot swelling. Intraperitoneal injection of honeysuckle extract 8g / kg, twice a day, for 6 consecutive days also had obvious anti exudative and anti proliferative effects on croton oily granulation sac in rats. It was early reported that honeysuckle has obvious antipyretic effect, but the rabbit ear vein injection with cholera vaccine, potato bacillus, subtilis extract, etc., caused fever. It was not confirmed that honeysuckle Decoction 5g / kg by gavage has antipyretic effect, which may be related to the different honeysuckle preparations used, dosage or tolerance of rabbits.
3. strengthen defense function: Honeysuckle Decoction diluted to the concentration of 1:1280 can still promote the phagocytosis of leukocytes. The intraperitoneal injection of honeysuckle injection in mice also significantly promoted the phagocytosis of inflammatory cells.
4. central excitatory effect: various experimental methods such as electric shock and cage rotation have proved that oral administration of chlorogenic acid can cause excitation of the central nervous system of rats, mice and other animals, and its effect intensity is 1 / 6 of that of caffeine. The combination of the two has no additive and enhancing effect.
5. hypolipidemic effect: intragastric administration of honeysuckle 2.5g/kg in rats can reduce the absorption of cholesterol in the intestine and reduce the content of cholesterol in the plasma. In vitro experiments also found that honeysuckle can combine with cholesterol, but Simiao Yong'an Decoction (honeysuckle, Scrophularia, angelica, licorice) can treat experimental atherosclerosis in rabbits. No effect of lowering blood lipid and cholesterol content of aortic wall was observed.
6. anti endotoxin: determine the endotoxin content with the Limulus amebocyte lysate test method. 300% honeysuckle (Lonicera japonica) injection is diluted at 1:2-1:64. The endotoxin content in the test solution is significantly reduced by either the concave tablet method or the test tube method in the in vitro test. The dilution tube at 1:2-1:8 is liquid like the negative control tube, and the positive control is gel like. Honeysuckle (Lonicera japonica) distilled liquid 6g/kg intravenously can antagonize the temperature drop and white blood cell number drop caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa endotoxin 2.8mg/kg intravenously. Honeysuckle (Lonicera japonica) distilled liquid 7.5g/kg or injection 2.5g/kg intraperitoneally can protect mice from Pseudomonas aeruginosa endotoxin 65mg/kg intraperitoneally and reduce the mortality of mice.
7. other effects: in vitro screening experiments have reported that the aqueous and alcoholic extracts of honeysuckle have obvious cytotoxic effects on sarcoma 180 and Ehrlich ascites cancer. . Oral administration of large doses of chlorogenic acid can increase gastrointestinal motility and promote gastric juice and bile secretion. Chlorogenic acid and its decomposition products have excitatory effect on rat uterus in vitro. In addition, chlorogenic acid can slightly enhance the pressor effect of epinephrine and norepinephrine on cats and rats, but it has no effect on the blink membrane response of cats.
. The processing effect of honeysuckle was affirmed, and it was preliminarily believed that when honeysuckle was used to treat hot blood dysentery and women's metrorrhagia, it was better to bake it at 200 ℃ for 15 minutes or 220 ℃ for 10 minutes. Sample preparation: take 10 parts of honeysuckle and bake them in an electric oven at different temperatures and times. It is presumed that the content of chlorogenic acid, a known antibacterial component of honeysuckle, has decreased after heating and baking, but its antibacterial effect has not been reduced correspondingly. On the contrary, its antibacterial effect on Shigella and Proteus has been enhanced, indicating that chlorogenic acid is not the only antibacterial component of honeysuckle. Whether new antibacterial components are formed after baking honeysuckle needs further study.