Acanthopanax senticosus
1、 Pharmacopoeia standard of Acanthopanax senticosus       This product is the dried root and rhizome or stem of Acanthopanax senticosus (rupr.et maxim.) harms, a plant of the Araliaceae family. Harvested in spring and autumn, washed and dried.
      [properties] the rhizome of this product is nodular irregular cylindrical, with a diameter of 1.4 ~ 4.2cm. The root is cylindrical, with many twists, with a length of 3.5 ~ 12cm and a diameter of 0.3 ~ 1 5cm; the surface is grayish brown or dark brown, rough, with fine longitudinal grooves and wrinkles, thin skin, some peeling, and the peeling part is grayish yellow. It is hard, with yellowish white cross-section, and fibrous. It has a special aroma, slightly pungent, bitter and astringent.
      The stem of this product is long cylindrical, multi branched, with different lengths and diameters of 0 5 ～ 2cm. The surface is light gray, the old branches are grayish brown, with longitudinal fissure grooves, without spines; Young branches are yellowish brown and densely spiny. . The air is weak and the taste is pungent.
      [identification] (1) cross section of the root: 10 rows of cork cells. ; Most parenchymal cells contained calcium oxalate clusters with a diameter of 11-64 μ M. There were many fiber bundles scattered on the outer side of phloem, and gradually sparse inward; The secretory tract is round or oval, with a radial diameter of 25-51 μ m and a tangential diameter of 48-97 μ M; The parenchyma cells contained clustered crystals. The cambium forms a ring. The xylem accounts for the majority, and the rays are 1-3 rows wide; The duct wall is thin and most of them are clustered; .
      Transverse section of rhizome: phloem fiber bundles are more than roots; Myelinated.
      Transverse section of stem: the pith is relatively developed.
      (2) Take 5g of this product powder, add 50ml of 75% ethanol, heat and reflux for 1 hour, filter, evaporate the filtrate, add 10ml of water to dissolve the residue, shake and extract twice with chloroform, 5ml each time, combine the chloroform solution, evaporate to dryness, add 1ml of methanol to dissolve the residue, and use it as the test solution. Another 5g of Acanthopanax senticosus control medicinal material was prepared into the control medicinal material solution by the same method. . According to the thin-layer chromatography (general rule 0502), suck 10 μ l of each of the above three solutions, dot them on the same silica gel G thin-layer plate, use chloroform methanol (19:1) as the developing agent, develop, take out, dry, and view under the UV light (365mn). In the chromatogram of the test sample, fluorescent spots of the same color appear at the corresponding position of the chromatogram of the control medicinal material; .
      [inspection] the moisture content shall not exceed 10.0% (the second method of general rule 0832).
      The total ash content shall not exceed 9.0% (general rule 2302).
        [extract] according to the hot leaching method under the determination method of alcohol soluble extract (general rule 2201), using methanol as solvent, it shall not be less than 3.0%.
      [content determination] determine according to HPLC (general rule 0512).
      Chromatographic conditions and system suitability test octadecylsilane bonded silica gel was used as filler; Methanol water (20:80) was used as mobile phase; The detection wavelength was 265nm. The number of theoretical plates should not be less than 2000 according to the syringin peak.
      Preparation of reference solution take an appropriate amount of syringin reference, weigh accurately, add methanol to make a solution containing 80 μ g per 1ml.
      Preparation of test solution take about 2G of crude powder of the product, weigh it accurately, place it in a conical flask with a stopper, add 25ml of methanol precisely, weigh it, sonicate (power 250W, frequency 33khz) for 30 minutes, cool it, weigh it again, make up the lost weight with methanol, shake it well, filter it, and take the filtrate.
      The determination method is to precisely suck 10 μ l of the reference solution and 10 μ l of the test solution, inject them into the liquid chromatograph, and determine.
      .
      Decoction pieces
      [processing] remove impurities, wash, soak slightly, moisten thoroughly, cut into thick pieces, and dry.
        This product is a thick piece of quasi circular or irregular shape. The outer skin of roots and rhizomes is grayish brown or dark brown, rough, with fine longitudinal grooves and wrinkles. The skin is thin, and some peel off, and the peeling place is grayish yellow; . The cut surface is yellowish white, fibrous, the skin of the stem is thin, the xylem is broad, and the center is myelinated. The root and rhizome have a special aroma, which is slightly pungent, bitter and astringent; The stem is slightly fragrant and the taste is slightly pungent.
      [inspection] the moisture content is the same as that of medicinal materials, and shall not exceed 8.0%.
      The total ash content is the same as that of medicinal materials, and shall not exceed 7.0%.
      [identification] (except for the transverse section) [extract] [content determination] is the same as that of medicinal materials.
        . Return to spleen, kidney and heart meridian.
      [functions and indications] invigorate Qi and spleen, tonify kidney and calm nerves. It is used for spleen and lung qi deficiency, body deficiency and fatigue, loss of appetite, lung and kidney deficiency, long cough and asthma, kidney deficiency, waist and knee pain, heart and spleen deficiency, insomnia and dreaminess.
      [usage and dosage] 9 ～ 27g.
      [storage] store in a ventilated and dry place to prevent moisture.


2、 Chemical constituents of Acanthopanax senticosus
The root contains Eleutheroside aAcanthopanax senticosus glycosideB、Acanthopanax senticosus glycosideB1、Acanthopanax senticosus glycosideC、Acanthopanax senticosus glycosideD、Acanthopanax senticosus glycosideE, acanthoside A isCarotene（daucosterol)， Eleutheroside B is syringin [1, 2]; The roots also contain sinapaldehyde Glu coside, coniferaldehyde glucoside,Coniferoside(coniferin) [3] liriodemdrin,Amygdalin(amygdlin) [4], 3 β - [O - β - D-glucopyranosyl (1 → 3) -o- β - D-galactopyranosyl (1 → 4) [O - α - l-rhamnopyranosyl - (1 → 2)] - O - β - D-glucopyranosyl] - 16 α - hydroxy - β - D-galactopyranosyl - (1 → 4) - [O - α - l-rhamnopyranosyl - (1 → 4) - [O - α - l-rhamnopyranosyl - (1 → 2)] - O - β -d-glucoronopyranosyl]-16-hydroxy-13 β, 28 epoxyleanane], 3 β - [O - α - l-rhamnopyranosyl (1 → 4) - O - α - l-rhamnopyranosyl (1 → 4) - [O - α - l-glucopyranosyl] - 16 - α - hydroxy-13 β, 28 epoxyoleinane..the main product of oleanolic acid is oleanolic acid.The product is made of oleanolic acid, oleanolic acid, oleanolic acid, oleanolic acid, oleanolic acid, oleanolic acid, oleanolic


3、 Pharmacological effects of Acanthopanax senticosus
1. Effects on the central nervous system Acanthopanax senticosus has a mild activating effect on the EEG of rabbits, which can weaken the inhibitory effect of chloral hydrate, barbital sodium and chloropropane [1]. However, it has also been reported that the sedative effect can occur in mice by intraperitoneal injection of Acanthopanax senticosus aqueous extract 40mg/kg, 160mg/kg, 320mg/kg once, or intraperitoneal injection of 80mg/kg, 160mg/kg daily for 4-5 days, which can reduce the sleep latency of cyclohexane barbital and prolong their sleep time; Continuous administration of flowers has a stronger sedative effect [2]. . Intraperitoneal injection of Acanthopanax senticosus alcohol extract and 10g/kg aqueous solution could significantly inhibit the spontaneous activity increase induced by sodium benzoate and caffeine in mice. Intraperitoneal injection of 0.5ml of water-soluble polysaccharide with 50% alcohol extract can significantly prolong the latency of mice startled by picrotoxin [4]. The mechanism of action of Acanthopanax Senticosus on the central nervous system is not clear, but its inhibitory effect is to inhibit some drug metabolizing enzymes [2]. Its excitatory effect is different from amphetamine compounds, and does not affect the normal sleep process, but is related to the functional state of the nervous system and dose size [1]. After feeding the aged rats with Acanthopanax senticosus for 2 months, the activity of MAO-B (monoamine oxidase B) in striatum, midbrain and medulla oblongata decreased significantly, but the activity of MAO-A in hypothalamus increased by 22%. It is suggested that Acanthopanax senticosus may improve the function of nervous system by changing Mao and its isoenzyme activities in some brain regions and affecting the level of monoamine mediators [5].
2. Effects on non-specific stimuli (1) anti fatigue effects the extract of the root of Acanthopanax senticosus and its total glycosides have anti fatigue effects on a variety of animal models of fatigue. The effect of total glycosides is stronger than that of the extract of the root, and also stronger than that of ginseng extract and its total glycosides [6]. The results of observing the time of collapse after braking in mice showed that the crude glycoside of Acanthopanax senticosus had obvious anti fatigue effect, and the effect of Acanthopanax senticosus glycoside e was the best [7]. Mice were gavaged with Acanthopanax senticosus extract for exertion [4]. Rats were intraperitoneally injected with 15mg/kg total glucosides of Acanthopanax senticosus and rested for 1h after swimming to eliminate all oxygen, while the oxygen consumption of the control group was still 62% higher than the normal value. The total glycosides of Acanthopanax senticosus can partially prevent the decrease of ATP, glycogen and phosphate in muscle and the increase of lactate and pyruvate after swimming for 2h [8]. Daily administration of 500mg/kg aqueous extract of Acanthopanax senticosus stem bark for 21 days, or 50mg/kg syringol-di-o - β - D-glucoside obtained from its aqueous extract for 18 days, can significantly prolong the load swimming time of rats [9]. According to the rope climbing test in mice, the total glycosides of Acanthopanax senticosus have excitatory and anti fatigue effects [1, 5, 7]. The mice swayed violently (oscillating) for 4H to produce fatigue. Before swinging, the water extract of Acanthopanax senticosus 250mg/kg\500mg/kg and 1000mg/kg were gavaged, which could significantly prevent the body and grip tension of mice and the decrease of Anal temperature caused by swinging. . The preventive effect of water extract on fatigue is stronger than that of promoting recovery. Intragastric administration of syringin 100mg/lg to mice could significantly prevent the grip tension and exploration movement reduction caused by swing; 50mg/kg and 100mg/kg can accelerate the recovery of the above activities; 100mg/ht can accelerate the recovery of autonomous activities. . Intragastric administration of syringol-di-o-glucoside 25mg/kg, 50mg/kg, and 100mg/kg to mice can prevent the reduction of exploratory activities and autonomous activities after swinging. The doses of 25mg/kg and 100mg/kg can accelerate the recovery of the above activities, and its promoting effect is stronger than the preventive effect [10]. The mice were suspended for 30-60min. After suspension, the mice were immediately gavaged with Acanthopanax senticosus extract 500mg/kg, eugenin 100mg/kg, syringol-di-o-glucoside 500mg/kg, once a day for 9D, causing chronic stress to cause fatigue in mice. As a result, the water extract and eugenin had no effect on the results showed that the sexual behavior and Anal temperature of the stressed mice were reduced. The water extract and syringin had protective effects on the sexual behavior and Anal temperature of the stressed mice; Syringin-di-o - β - D-glucoside has protective effects on the reduction of sexual behavior, the reduction of Anal temperature, the impairment of memory recovery and the enlargement of adrenal gland in the above mice, but it increases the tyrosine hydroxylase activity in adrenal gland and hypothalamus, and the corticosterone content in adrenal gland and serum has no obvious change [11].