Magnolia
1、 Standard of Flos Magnoliae Pharmacopoeia       This product is the dried flower buds of Magnolia biondii pamp., Magnolia dendrata desr., or Magnolia sprengeri pamp., Magnolia of Magnoliaceae. Harvest at the end of winter and the beginning of spring when the flowers are not open, remove the branches and stems, and dry in the shade.
      [character]   The spring flower is long ovate, like a hairy pen head, 1.2-2.5cm long, 0.8-1.5cm in diameter. The base often has a short stem, about 5mm long, with quasi white punctate lenticels on the stem. Bracts are 2-3 layers, with 2 bracts in each layer. There are small scale buds between the two layers of bracts. The outer surface of bracts is densely covered with gray white or gray green hairs, and the inner surface is brown like, hairless. The tepals are 9, brown, and the outer tepals are 3, strip-shaped, about 1/4 of the length of the inner two rounds, in calyx shape. The inner two tepals are 6, 3 in each round, arranged in a wheel shape. Stamens and pistils are mostly arranged spirally. It is light and brittle. It is fragrant, spicy, cool and slightly bitter.
      Magnolia is 1.5 ～ 3cm long and 1 ～ 1.5cm in diameter. Its basal branches are thick and its lenticels are light brown. The outer surface of bracts is densely covered with gray white or gray green hairs. Tepals 9, inner and outer whorls isotype.
      Magnolia Wudang is 2 ～ 4cm long and 1 ～ 2cm in diameter. Its basal branches are thick and its lenticels are reddish brown. The outer surface of bracts is densely covered with yellowish or yellowish green hairs, and some of the outermost bract hairs have fallen off and become dark brown. Perianth segments 10-12 (15), with no significant difference between inner and outer rings.
      [identification] (1) the powder of this product is grayish green or yellowish green. Non glandular hairs are numerous, scattered and broken; . Stone cells are mostly in groups, oval, irregular or branched, with a wall thickness of 4-20 μ M. the pore groove is not very obvious, and brown yellow secretions can be seen in the cell cavity. There are many oil cells, quasi circular, and some small oil droplets can be seen. The epidermal cells of bracts are oblate and square, and the vertical walls are beaded.
      (2) Take 1g of crude powder of the product, add 10ml of trichloromethane, tightly plug, sonicate for 30 minutes, filter, evaporate the filtrate, add 2ml of trichloromethane to dissolve the residue as the test solution. In addition, take the magnolian reference substance and add methanol to make a solution containing 1mg per 1ml as the reference substance solution. According to the test of thin-layer chromatography (general rule 0502), suck 2 μ l of each of the above two solutions, dot them on the same silica gel h thin-layer plate, use chloroform diethyl ether (5:1) as the developing agent, develop, take out, air dry, spray 10% sulfuric acid ethanol solution, and heat at 90 ℃ until the spots are clear. .
      [check]   The moisture content shall not exceed 18.0% (the fifth method of general rule 0832).
      [content determination]   Volatile oil shall be determined according to the volatile oil determination method (general rule 2204).
      The volatile oil content of this product shall not be less than 1.0% (ml/g).
      Magnolin was determined by HPLC (general rule 0512).
      Chromatographic conditions and system suitability test octyl bonded silica gel was used as filler; The mobile phase was acetonitrile tetrahydrofuran water (35:1:64); The detection wavelength was 278nm. The number of theoretical plates should not be less than 9000 according to the Magnolia peak.
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      The determination method is to precisely suck 4 ～ 10 μ l of the reference solution and the test solution respectively, inject them into the liquid chromatograph, and determine.
      The content of Magnolia (c23h28o7) shall not be less than 0.40% according to the dry product.
      [nature, taste and meridian tropism]   Xin, Wen. Return to lung and stomach channels.
      ; Dispel the wind and cold, and dredge the nose and orifices. It is used for cold headache, nasal congestion, runny nose, epistaxis and nasal pit.
      [usage and dosage]   3～10g， Pan fried. Appropriate for external use.
      [storage]   Store in a cool and dry place.


2、 Chemical constituents of Magnolia
1. the flower buds of Magnolia grandiflora contain 3.4% of volatile oil, the main component of which is β - pinene,Cineole(1,8-cineole) and camphor, also including: α - pinene, α - and β - phellandrene, sabinene, α - and γ - Terpinene, tert butyl benzene, sabinene hydrate, agarol, α - and β - terpineol, 4-terpineol, β - elemene, whisker and trans caryophyllene, β -selinen, β -, γ - and δ - cadinene, torreyol [1]. ,α - terpineolIt also contains: camphene, CARENE, α - and γ - terpineol, hydrated sabinene, Cymene, α - Terpinene, methyl heptenone, camphor, Bornyl AC acetate, syringene, α - (eicosyl) CARENE, bicycloelemene, citral A and B, citronellol, taurine geraniol, methyleugenol, elemol, torreitol, nerolidol, cubebene, . Flower buds also contain ligneous components:Pinoresinol Dimethyl Ether （pinoresinol dimethyl ether），Magnolin（magnolin）， Lirioresinol B dimethyl ether, fargesin, aschantin, demethoxyaschantin [3], biondinin a [4], denoda tin B, fargespone a, B, c[14].
2. the flower buds and flowers of Magnolia contain 0.29% ～ 0.67% and 0.08% ～ 0.09% of volatile oil, respectively, of which the main components areCineoleIt also contains α - and β - pinene, camphene, sabinene, β - myrcene, limonene, p-cymene, cis-3-hexen-1-ol, whisker and trans linalool oxide, n-Pentadecane, α - (Wanggu) (wangba) ene (α -copaene), β - bourbonene, right-handed 4-terpineol, left-handed bornyl acetate, β - Lilac cotton, α α - terpineol, α - (stilbene), α - and γ - muurolene, germacrene D, a-citronellyl acetate, β - apigenin, geranyl acetate ,β - eucalyptol. Flowers also contain flavonoids: rutin, quercetin-7-glucoside [6]. The leaves contain 0.04% - 0.15% of volatile oil, of which the main components are β - syringone and nerolidol, and the rest are similar to those in flowers, but less n-Pentadecane, n-nonadecane, p-cymene-8-ol, and more α - terpineol, γ - Terpinene, β - elemene [4]. The leaves also contain neolignan components: magnoliatin A and B, Magnolia tone, burchellin, futoenone, veraguensin [7]. The bark contains volatile oil, the main component of which isCineole, right-handed 4-terpineol, and left-handed α - terpineol [5]. It also contains alkaloids: salicifoline,Magnolia curculine（magnocurarine）[8]。
3. flower buds of Magnolia Wudang contain volatile oil, the main component of which isBorneol acetate, trans syringene, syringene oxide, β - eucalyptol, also containing α - and β - pinene, camphene, myrcene, limonene, eucalyptol, γ - Terpinene, p-cymene, camphor, linalool, humulene, aromaderene, eremophilene, cis - and trans - β - farnesene, AR curcumene, γ - piperone, α - and γ - colandene, citronellol, calamus, etc.methylsyringol, elemitol, γ - eucalyptol, torreitol, etc. [9]. The flower contains 1.0% of volatile oil, the main component of which is myrcene, p-cymene, α - and β - pinene, as well as thujene, camphorene, γ - Terpinene, 4-thujanol, sabinene, 2-p-men-then-4-ol, 1,4-cineole, δ - piperonol, linalool, camphor, 3-decene-2-one (3-decen-2-one), 4-terpineol,α - terpineol, sabinol, p-1-menthen-3-ol, p-isopropylbenzaldehyde, geraniol, isoborneol, 1,4-cadaladiene, α - limonene, thymol, α - (Wanggu) (wangba) ene, α -, β -, γ - and δ - limonene, α - farnesene, Humulus scandens curcumene, β - syringaene, curcumene, α - esculene, dihydro - α - (Wanggu) (wangba) - 8-ol [10], etc. The bark contains volatile oil, the main components of which areβ - eucalyptol[11] . The bark also contains alkaloids: cryptophylline,Magnolia curculine[11, 13], magnospren gerine [12, 13].

3、 Pharmacological effects of Magnolia
1. local convergence, stimulation and anesthetic effects: the aromatic water agent or emulsion made of Magnolia volatile oil is dropped into the conjunctival sac of rabbits, which immediately produces conjunctival vasodilation, congestion, and slight pupil dilation; Dropping on the subcutaneous tissue and intestinal mucosa of anesthetized rabbits can produce a layer of milky white protein coagulation film, and the veins are also dilated, especially the microvessels. Magnolia 1:1 infusion or 1:4 Decoction subcutaneously administered to guinea pigs had infiltration anesthesia; Magnolia saturated solution injected into the frog sciatic nerve can produce blocking anesthesia. . The nasal mucosal blood flow of rats before and after administration was observed. Results there was a significant difference between 30 minutes after administration and before administration (P < 0.05), and the nasal mucosal blood flow still increased at 60 minutes.
2. antibacterial and anti-inflammatory effects: the mic (mg / ml) of Flos Magnoliae was determined by in vitro test tube method. The results showed that the MIC of Staphylococcus aureus was 3.13-6.25 (water extract), 6.25-12.5 (alcohol extract arm), the MIC of Diplococcus pneumoniae was 39.5 (water extract), 4.69 (alcohol extract), the MIC of Pseudomonas aeruginosa was 18.75-75 (water extract), 75-300 (alcohol extract), the MIC of Shigella flexneri was 150 (water extract), 300 (alcohol extract), and the MIC of Escherichia coli was 37.5-75 (water extract), 150-300 (alcohol extract). The dose of Magnolia water extract was 1g / ml, alcohol extract was 0.75g / ml, P < 0.01 compared with the control group.
. Results the pain threshold increased significantly 60-240 minutes after the administration of alcohol extract, P＜0.01， While the water extract showed significant difference only at 240 min, P＜0.01。
4. antihypertensive effect: the water or alcohol extract of Magnolia, intramuscular or intraperitoneal injection, has antihypertensive effect on anesthetized dogs, cats, rabbits and non anesthetized rats. Intramuscular injection also reduced blood pressure in non anesthetized dogs. Blood pressure decreased by more than 40% at LG / kg, and transient respiratory excitation was observed after intravenous injection. Magnolia also has antihypertensive effect on experimental renal hypertensive rats, but not on renal hypertensive dogs, but it has significant antihypertensive effect on primary hypertension. The depressurizing component is converted to the part dissolved in ether in the de oily solution. In terms of the principle of hypotension, it seems that it has nothing to do with the central nervous system, but directly inhibits the heart, especially by expanding blood vessels and blocking ganglia. The antihypertensive effect is not obvious when taken orally, which may be due to the fact that the effective ingredients are not easily absorbed. .
5. effect on striated muscle: the phenolic alkaloids obtained from the flower buds of wangchunhua show curare like effects on the rectus abdominis muscle and sciatic nerve sartorius muscle specimens of frogs. . The comparative experiments with different extraction methods on the above specimens proved that the flower buds of Wangchun flower and Magnolia salici folia maxim. produced in Japan have the same properties, and the former has a stronger effect.
6. effect on uterus and intestinal smooth muscle: in human, mouse and rabbit isolated uterus, dog and rabbit in uterine fistula and other tests, it is proved that Magnolia Decoction and flow extract can excite the uterus. When the dose does not significantly affect the blood pressure and respiration, intravenous injection or intragastric administration will show this effect. When the gavage dose is 1-2.4g / kg, the effect appears after 20-60 minutes, lasting for 8-24 hours. Pregnant uterus is more sensitive than nonpregnant. The components of excited uterus are non-volatile substances dissolved in water and ethanol.
7. effect on isolated intestine: take 2-3cm rectum of male adult quail, put it into a thermostatic bath tube containing 20ml of oxygenated Taishi solution, observe and trace the inhibitory effect of Magnolia on the spasmodic contraction of isolated rectum caused by histamine 1 × l0 (-3). Results Magnolia alcohol extract 5 × l0 (-3) and water extract 2.5 × 10 (-3) g / ml have different degrees of antihistamine effect.
8. anti allergic effect:.
. Magnolia oil at a dose of 40g / ml also antagonized the contractile effect of SRS-A on guinea pig lung strips.
8.2 the ID50 of magnolia oil at 10, 20, 30 and 40 μ g/ml for antagonism of histamine and acetylcholine was 18 μ g / ml.
8.3 magnolia oil at a dose of 60 μ g / ml had anti allergic contraction effect on the ileum of sensitized guinea pigs (P < 0.01).
8.4 according to pharmacological experimental methodology (1985), use magnolia oil 200mg / kg, and observe the effect on allergic asthma in guinea pigs 90 minutes after the last large intraperitoneal injection. Results it had obvious protective effect (P < 0.01).