Polygala tenuifolia
1、 Pharmacopoeia standard of Polygala tenuifolia       This product is the dried root of Polygala tenuifolia willd. or Polygala sibiria L., a Polygalaceae plant. Excavate in spring and autumn, remove fibrous roots and sediment, and dry in the sun.
      [character]   This product is cylindrical, slightly curved, 3-15cm long, 0.3-0.8cm in diameter. The surface is grayish yellow to grayish brown, with dense and deep horizontal wrinkles, longitudinal wrinkles and cracks. The horizontal wrinkles of the old roots are dense and deeper, slightly nodular. It is hard and brittle, and is easy to break. The skin of the broken surface is brownish yellow, and the wood is yellowish white. The skin is easy to peel off from the wood. The breath is slight, the taste is bitter and pungent, and the chewing is irritating to the throat.
      . The inner layer of the plug is more than 20 rows of parenchymal cells with tangential fissures. The phloem is broad and often shows radial cracks. The cambium forms a ring. The xylem is developed, all lignified, and the ray is 1-3 rows wide. Parenchyma cells mostly contain fatty oil droplets; Some contain calcium oxalate cluster crystals and square crystals.
      (2) Take 0.5g of this product powder, add 20ml of 70% methanol, sonicate for 30 minutes, filter, evaporate the filtrate, add 1ml of methanol to dissolve the residue, and use it as the test solution. . Test according to thin-layer chromatography (general rule 0502), suck 2 μ l of each of the above two solutions, dot them on the same silica gel G thin-layer plate, use the lower layer solution of chloroform methanol water (7:3:1) as the developing agent, develop, take out, dry, and view under the UV light (365mn). In the chromatogram of the test sample, fluorescent spots of the same color appear at the corresponding positions of the chromatogram of the control sample.
      (3) Take 20 μ l of the test solution and 4 μ l of the control solution under the item of Polygala tenuifolia saponin [content determination], respectively, dot them on the same silica gel G thin-layer plate, use chloroform methanol water (6:3:0.5) as the developing agent, develop, take out, air dry, spray 10% sulfuric acid ethanol solution, heat at 105 ℃ until the spots are clear. In the chromatogram of the test sample, spots with the same color appear at the corresponding position of the chromatogram of the control sample.
      [check]   Moisture   Not more than 12.0% (the second method of general rule 0832).
      Total ash   Not more than 6.0% (general rule 2302).
      Aflatoxin   Determine according to the aflatoxin determination method (general rule 2351).
      The content of aflatoxin B1 should not exceed 5 μ g per 1000g, and the total amount of aflatoxin G2, aflatoxin G1, aflatoxin B2 and aflatoxin B1 should not exceed 10 μ G.
      [extract]   According to the hot leaching method under the determination of alcohol soluble extract (general rule 2201), 70% ethanol is used as solvent, which shall not be less than 30.0%.
      [content determination]   Polygala tenuifolia saponins were determined by HPLC (general rule 0512).
      ; Octadecylsilane bonded silica gel was used as filler; The mobile phase was methanol-0.05% phosphoric acid solution (70:30); The detection wavelength was 210nm. The number of theoretical plates should not be less than 3000 according to the peak of Polygala tenuifolia saponin.
      Preparation of reference solution   Take an appropriate amount of Polygala tenuifolia saponin reference substance, accurately weigh it, add methanol to make a solution containing 1mg per 1ml.
      Preparation of test solution   Take about 1g of the product powder (passing through No. 3 screen), accurately weigh it, place it in a corked conical flask, precisely add 50ml of 70% methanol, weigh it, sonicate (Power 400W, frequency 40KHz) for 1 hour, cool it, weigh it again, make up the lost weight with 70% methanol, shake it well, filter it, accurately measure 25ml of the continuous filtrate, put it into a round bottomed flask, evaporate it to dryness, add 50ml of 10% sodium hydroxide solution to the residue, heat it for reflux for 2 hours, cool it, adjust the pH value to 4-5 with hydrochloric acid, shake it with saturated n-butanol alcohol for three times, 50ml each time, combine n-butanol solution, recover the solvent to dry, add appropriate amount of methanol to dissolve the residue, transfer to a 25ml volumetric flask, add methanol to the scale, and shake well.
      Assay   Precisely suck 10 μ l of the reference solution and 10 μ l of the test solution respectively, inject them into the liquid chromatograph, and determine.
      .            
      .
      ; Octadecylsilane bonded silica gel was used as filler; ; The detection wavelength was 320nm. The number of theoretical plates should not be less than 3000 according to the peak of 3,6 'dibenzoyl sucrose.
      Preparation of reference solution   Take an appropriate amount of polygaladione Ⅲ reference substance and 3,6 '- disaccharide acylsucrose reference substance, weigh accurately, and add methanol to make a mixed solution containing 0.15mg of polygaladione Ⅲ and 0.2mg of disaccharide acylsucrose per 1ml.
      Preparation of test solution   Take about 1g of this product powder (passing through No. 3 screen), weigh it accurately, place it in a corked conical flask, add 25ml of 70% methanol precisely, weigh it, heat and reflux for 1.5 hours, cool it, weigh it again, make up the lost weight with 70% methanol, shake it well, filter it, and take the filtrate.
      .
      According to the calculation of dried product, the content of polygalarin Ⅲ (c25h28o15) shall not be less than 0.15%, and the content of 3,6 'disaccharide acyl sucrose (c36h46o17) shall not be less than 0.50%.
        Decoction pieces
      [processing]   Yuanzhi   Remove impurities, wash slightly, moisten thoroughly, cut into sections and dry.
        This product is a cylindrical segment. The outer skin is grayish yellow to grayish brown, with horizontal wrinkles. . It tastes bitter and pungent, and has a tingling sensation when chewing.
      ; (except for the cross section) [inspection] [extract] [content determination]     Same as medicinal materials.
      Prepare Polygala tenuifolia, take licorice, add an appropriate amount of water to decoct the soup, remove the residue, add purified Polygala tenuifolia, boil it over slow fire until the soup is absorbed, take it out, and dry it.
        For every 100kg of Polygala tenuifolia, use 6kg of licorice.
      This product is shaped like Polygala tenuifolia, and its surface is yellowish brown. It tastes slightly sweet.
      [check]   ; Not more than 3.0% (general rule 2302).
      [content determination]   . The content of Polygala tenuifolia saponin (c36h56o12) shall not be less than 2.0%.
      [identification] (except the cross-section) [inspection] [extract]   .
      ; Bitter, pungent, warm. Homing, kidney and lung meridians.
      ; . It is used for insomnia, dreaminess, forgetfulness, palpitations, trance, expectoration, sores, swelling and toxin, breast swelling and pain caused by heart kidney disharmony.
      [usage and dosage]   3～l0g。
      [storage]   Place in a ventilated and dry place.
 

2、 Chemical constituents of Polygala tenuifolia
Polygala tenuifolia root contains saponins, which are hydrolyzed to obtain sapogenins:Polygalagenin（tenuigenin）， Tenuifolin was also isolated. Recently, seven triterpenoid saponins were obtained:Polygalasaponin a（onjisaponin）、Polygala tenuifolia saponinB、Polygala tenuifolia saponinC、Polygala tenuifolia saponinD、Polygala tenuifolia saponinE、Polygala tenuifolia saponinF、Polygala tenuifolia saponinG， Five phenolic glycosides were also obtained: tenuifoliside a, B, C, D, and β -d- (3-o-sinapyl) - fructofuranosyl-a-d- (6-o-sinapyl) - glucopyranoside [β -d- (3-o-sinapyl) -fructofuranosyl-2-d- (6-o-sinapyl) - glucopyranoside]. Another 6 oligosaccharides were obtained:Polygala oligospermia a（tenuifoliose）、Ambition has few essenceB、Ambition has few essenceC、Ambition has few essenceD、Ambition has few essenceE、Ambition has few essenceF. It also contains xanthone compound: 6-hydroxy-1,2,3,7-tetramethoxyxanthone,1,2,3,7-tetramethoxyxanthone（1，2，3，7-tetramethoxyxanthone）， 1,2,3,6,7-pentamethoxyxanthone (1,2,3,6,7-pentamethoxyxanthone), 1,7-dihydroxyxanthone (1,7-dihydroxyxanthone), 1,7-dimethoxyxanthone (1,7-dimethoxyxanthone), 1,7-dihydroxy-2,3-dimethoxyxanthone (1,7-dihydroxy-2,3-dimethoxyxanthone), 1-hydroxy-3,7-dimethoxyxanthone xanthone (1-hydroxy-3,7-dimethoxyxanthone), 1,7-dimethoxy-2,3-methylenedioxy xanthone (1,7-dimethoxy-2, 3-methylenedioxy-xanthone）， , 3，6-trihydroxy-2，7-dimethoxyxanthone）。 It also contains 3,4,5-trimethoxycinnamic acid, polygalitol, N-acetylglucosamine, and tenuidine.

3、 Pharmacological action of Polygala tenuifolia
1. expectorant effect: the test of phenol red excretion method in mice showed that the expectorant effect of Polygala tenuifolia was stronger than that of Platycodon grandiflorum, but its effect intensity was less than that of Platycodon grandiflorum by the method of canine respiratory tract secretion. The expectorant effect of Polygala tenuifolia may be due to the stimulating effect of its saponins on the gastric mucosa, which reflexively promotes the increase of bronchial secretion. The minimum effective dose of Polygala tenuifolia root bark on expectorant in mice was 1.25g / kg, while the wood core had no obvious effect. It has also been reported that administration of Polygala tenuifolia Decoction at lg/kg by gavage to anesthetized dogs has no expectorant effect.
2. sedation and anticonvulsant: the root bark of Polygala tenuifolia, the whole root of Polygala tenuifolia without removing the wood core and the root wood core have synergistic effects on barbiturates. Mice were given 3.125g/kg by gavage, which could induce the mice injected with subthreshold hypnotic dose of barbital sodium to fall asleep. Polygala tenuifolia Methanol Extract 100mg and 200mg/kg intraperitoneally injected into mice can significantly prolong the sleep time of cyclohexene barbital sodium (90mg / kg) and chlorpromazine hydrochloride (3mg/kg). Intraperitoneal injection of 25mg, 50mg, 100mg / kg chloroform insoluble fraction of methanol extract, 12.5mg, 25mg, 50mg, 100mg / kg n-butanol insoluble fraction, and 6.25mg, 12.5mg, 50mg / kg n-butanol soluble fraction to mice is similar to that of Polygala tenuifolia root methanol extract, which can significantly or very significantly prolong the sleep time of mice. Intraperitoneal injection of Polygala saponin f5mg and 20mg / kg to mice also significantly prolonged the sleep time of cyclohexene barbital sodium (70mg/kg) and chlorpromazine hydrochloride (3mg / kg) (P < 0.05). The antagonism of 3.125g/kg gavage in mice to the shock induced by pentamethene tetrazolium was the strongest in the whole root of Polygala tenuifolia, followed by the root bark, and the wooden heart was ineffective.
3. anti edema and diuretic effect: 200mg / kg suspension made from 50% methanol cold extract of Polygala tenuifolia root was orally administered to rats with edema caused by ligation of bilateral jugular veins. Its diuretic effect was 8.0 ± 1.11ml / 100g body weight, P < 0.01 compared with the control group, and the inhibition rate of hyperemic edema was 100, P＜0.001。
4. inhibitory effect on camp phosphodiesterase: the chloroform and n-butanol soluble or insoluble parts of the hot water extract and methanol extract of Polygala tenuifolia root have certain inhibitory effects on camp phosphodiesterase, among which the chloroform and n-butanol soluble parts have the highest inhibitory rates (at 100 μ g/ml), 72.9% and 73.3% respectively. The IC50 (x10-5m) of Polygala saponin B, e, F and G for camp phosphodiesterase were 6.0, 3.1, 2.9 and 3.7, respectively, and the control papaverine was 3.0.
5. effects on the behavior of piercing edges and the regional metabolic rate of brain in rats: the effects of Polygala tenuifolia extract on the behavior of piercing edges and the regional metabolic rate of brain in rats were studied by oral administration of 4.28g / kg. The results showed that the number of conditioned and unconditioned reactions increased from day 5 to 9 after taking the medicine, the concentration of coenzyme L (nad+) in diencephalon significantly increased, and the concentrations of coenzyme I and reduced coenzyme I (NADH) in hippocampus, caudate nucleus and brainstem increased. It can promote the physical strength and intelligence of animals.
6. bacteriostatic effect: 10% Polygala decoction has inhibitory effect on pneumococcus by disk method. Polygala tenuifolia ethanol extract has obvious inhibitory effect on Gram positive bacteria, dysentery bacillus, typhoid bacillus and human tuberculosis bacillus in vitro.
7. antimutagenic and anticancer effects: Ames test found that the water-soluble extract of Polygala tenuifolia also had a significant inhibitory effect on the number of revertant colonies induced by aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), and had a significant inhibitory effect on the number of revertant colonies of TA98 strain, but had no inhibitory effect on TA100 strain. It shows that it only has factors against base substitution mutations. .
8. effect on uterus: Yuanzhi decoction from Northwest China has excitatory effect on the nonpregnant and pregnant uterus of guinea pigs, rabbits, cats and dogs in vitro. Intravenous injection of 6.6% Decoction 3-6ml (weight 16.5kg) also has obvious excitatory effect on the eutopic uterus of pregnant dogs.
9. other effects: the test tube hemolysis test shows that Polygala tenuifolia has strong hemolysis. The xanthones contained in Polygala tenuifolia can inhibit Aldo keto reductase. Polygala tenuifolia is similar to Platycodon grandiflorum. It contains saponins and also has the effect of dissolving red blood cells. The hemolysis intensity is: Polygala tenuifolia > Polygala tenuifolia > Platycodon grandiflorum. The hemolysis of Polygala tenuifolia meat (skin) is stronger than that of Polygala tenuifolia wood.
10. pharmacological effects of processed products: the expectorant test of phenol red method in mice showed that the expectorant effect intensity was Shanghai processed products > Polygala tenuifolia > Pharmacopoeia processed products > Shanghai processed products without licorice. Compared with the control group, the expectorant effect of Shanghai processed products was significantly different (P < 0.05), and there was no significant difference among the four processed products.