Paeonia lactiflora Pall
1、 Pharmacopoeia standard of Radix Paeoniae Rubra       This product is the dried root of Paeonia lactiflora Pall or Paeonia veitchii Lynch, a Ranunculaceae plant. Excavate in spring and autumn, remove rhizomes, fibrous roots and sediment, and dry in the sun.
      [properties] this product is cylindrical, slightly curved, 5-40cm long and 0.5-3cm in diameter. Its surface is brown and rough, with longitudinal grooves and wrinkles, fibrous root marks and transverse lenticel like protrusions, and some skin is easy to fall off. It is hard and brittle, and easy to break. The broken flour is white or pink, the skin is narrow, and the wood has obvious radial texture, and some have cracks. It is slightly fragrant, slightly bitter and sour.
      [identification] (1) cross section of this product: the cork layer is a series of brown cells. The parenchyma cells in the inner layer of the thrombus extended tangentially. Phloem is narrow. The cambium forms a ring. The xylem rays are wide, the duct groups are arranged radially, and there are wood fibers beside the ducts. .
      (2) . Take another paeoniflorin reference substance and add ethanol to make a solution containing 2mg per 1ml as the reference solution. According to the test of thin-layer chromatography (general rule 0502), suck 4 μ l of each of the above two solutions, dot them on the same silica gel G thin-layer plate, use chloroform ethyl acetate methanol formic acid (40:5:10:0.2) as the developing agent, develop, take out, air dry, spray 5% vanillin sulfuric acid solution, heat it until the spots are clear. In the chromatogram of the test sample, the same blue purple spots appear at the corresponding positions of the chromatogram of the control sample.
      [content determination]   Determine according to high-performance liquid chromatography (general rule 0512).
        ; Octadecylsilane bonded silica gel was used as filler; The mobile phase was methanol-0.05mol/l potassium dihydrogen phosphate solution (40:65); The detection wavelength was 230nm. The number of theoretical plates should not be less than 3000 according to the peak of paeoniflorin.
      Preparation of reference solution   Take an appropriate amount of paeoniflorin reference substance dried in phosphorus pentoxide vacuum dryer for 36 hours, accurately weigh it, add methanol to make a solution containing 0.5mg per 1ml.
      Preparation of test solution   Take about 0.5g of the crude powder of this product, accurately weigh it, place it in a corked conical flask, precisely add 25ml of methanol, weigh it, soak it for 4 hours, sonicate it for 20 minutes, cool it, weigh it again, make up the lost weight with methanol, shake it well, filter it, and take the filtrate.
        The determination method is to precisely suck 10 μ l of the reference solution and 10 μ l of the test solution, inject them into the liquid chromatograph, and determine.
      .
      Decoction pieces
      [processing]   Remove impurities, separate size, wash, moisten thoroughly, cut into thick pieces, and dry.
        This product is a kind of round slice, and its outer skin is brown. The cut flour is white or pink, the skin is narrow, the wood has obvious radial texture, and some have cracks.
      [content determination]   The content of paeoniflorin (c23h28o11) in the same medicinal material shall not be less than 1.5%.
      [identification] the same as medicinal materials
      [nature, taste and meridian tropism]   Bitter, slightly cold. .
      [function and indications]   . It is used to warm blood, warm toxic spots, vomit blood, hematemesis, swelling and pain of the eyes, liver depression and flank pain, amenorrhea and dysmenorrhea, symptomatic abdominal pain, tumbling injury, carbuncle and sore.
      [usage and dosage]   6～12g。
      [note]   It should not be used with Veratrum.
      .


2、 Chemical constituents of Paeonia lactiflora Pall
1. peony root containsPaeoniflorin（paeoniflorin），Oxidized paeoniflorin（oxy-paeoniflorin），Benzoyl paeoniflorin（benzoylpaooniflorin），Paeoniflorin（albi-florin）， Paeoniflorignone,Galloyl paeoniflorinGalloylpaeoniflorin, z-1s, 5R - β - pinen-10-yl - β - vicianoside, lacioflorin, paeoniflorin a, B, C,β - sitosterol（β-siiosierol），Carotene（daucos-terol）。 1,2,3,6-tetra-o-galloyl - β - D-glucose was also isolated from the tannins of roots,1,2,3,4,6-o-pentagalloyl glucose(1,2,3,4,6-pentagalloylglucose) and corresponding hexagalloylglucose and heptagalogoylglucose. It also contains dextrocatechin and volatile oil. The volatile oil mainly containsBenzoic acid（benzoic acid）， There are 33 paeonol, its other alcohols and phenols.
2. Sichuan red peony root containsPaeoniflorin(paooniflorin), Sichuan products also contain trace amounts ofBenzoyl paeoniflorin(benzoyl paeoniflorin)。
3. herbaceous peony roots contain paeoniflorin, and products in Beijing also containOxidized paeoniflorin(oxrpaeoniflorin) and paeonolide. Also containsBenzoic acid(benzoic acid)， .
4. beautiful peony root containsPaeoniflorin，Oxidized paeoniflorin，Benzoyl paeoniflorin, paeonogenin.
5. narrow leaf peony root containsPaeoniflorin,Benzoyl paeoniflorin,Oxidized paeoniflorin, paeonogenin,Benzoic acid,salicylic acid(salicylic acid),gallic acid(Gallicacid), β -amyrin,β - sitosterol(β-sitosterol)。 It also contains volatile oil and iridoid substances.
6. the root of Paeonia lactiflora root containsPaeoniflorin、Oxidized paeoniflorin。

3、 Pharmacopoeia standard of Radix Paeoniae Rubra
1. antithrombotic effect: 15-20g (crude drug) /kg of red peony decoction was given to rats by gavage, which significantly prolonged the time of thrombosis, shortened the length and reduced the weight; Prothrombin time and white clay partial thromboplastin time were prolonged, and euglobulin dissolution time was shortened, indicating a significant inhibitory effect on hemagglutination. The extract of Paeonia lactiflora 125-250mg (crude drug) /ml, in addition to significantly prolonging the prothrombin time and partial thromboplastin time, 250mg (crude drug) /ml also significantly inhibited thrombin agglutination of bovine fibrinogen, which was completely non condensing at 500-1000mg/ml. In addition, it can activate plasminogen and dissolve the coagulated fibrin. Therefore, Radix Paeoniae Rubra plays an antithrombotic role by inhibiting thrombin and activating plasminogen. The platelet aggregation time, platelet thrombosis time and thrombosis time of rats fed with high-fat diet were significantly prolonged, and the thrombus length and wet weight of rats fed with high-fat diet were significantly lower than those of the control group. Chishaojing can also improve the hemorheology of patients with coronary heart disease with high viscosity blood, reduce the whole blood viscosity at medium and low shear rates, prolong the erythrocyte electrophoresis time, and reduce the platelet aggregation. Caoshaoyao extract tablets can significantly reduce the whole blood viscosity, plasma viscosity, and hematocrit of patients with pulmonary heart disease.
2. antiplatelet aggregation effect the extract of Radix Paeoniae Rubra significantly inhibited the platelet aggregation induced by epinephrine, adenosine diphosphate (ADP), pyrophorin snake venom (TMVA) and arachidonic acid (AA) in vitro, and decreased the activity of platelet adhesion and platelet factor III, and increased the cAMP content in platelets. The components of Radix Paeoniae Rubra and its derivatives 801 and 802 had obvious inhibitory effects on ADP and collagen induced platelet aggregation in rabbits at the concentration of 5 × 10-4 ～ 5 × 10-3ml / L, among which 802 had the strongest effect, and had depolymerization effect on ADP induced platelet aggregation. The antiplatelet aggregation effect of the three drugs is quite consistent with the effects of reducing the oxygen consumption of rat liver mitochondria, respiratory control rate and reducing the phosphorus / oxygen (p/o) ratio, indicating that the antiplatelet effect of the three drugs is related to interfering with the energy metabolism of platelets. Radix Paeoniae Rubra inhibited the biosynthesis of thromboxane A2 (TXA2) - like substances when rabbit platelet rich plasma (PRP) was incubated with AA, and the contraction amplitude of its products on rabbit aortic strips was significantly reduced, indicating that the inhibition of platelet aggregation by Radix Paeoniae Rubra is related to the anti aggregation promoting effect of TXA2. Intravenous infusion of Radix Paeoniae Rubra in patients with coronary heart disease and angina pectoris can significantly reduce the percentage and aggregation number of expanded aggregation type platelets, indicating that it can significantly reduce the increased platelet surface activity and aggregation. The above experiments showed that the mechanism of Radix Paeoniae Rubra inhibiting platelet aggregation may be related to interfering with the energy metabolism of platelets, inhibiting the biosynthesis of TXA2 and increasing the cAMP content in platelets.
3. hypolipidemic and anti atherosclerotic effects Radix Paeoniae Rubra Extract Tablets 5g (crude drug) /kg, taken once a day for 10-15 weeks, significantly reduced plasma total cholesterol (TCH), triacylglycerol (TG), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL CH), very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDL CH) in rabbits with high-fat blood; High density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL CH) and HDL2 ch were significantly higher than those in the control group; TCH / HDL ch, TCH / HDL2 ch, LDL ch / HDL CH and LDL ch / HDL2 ch ratios were significantly decreased, while the thromboxane a2/ prostacyclin (txa2/pgi2) ratio caused by hyperlipidemia tended to be normal. In addition, it can reduce plasma lipid peroxide (LPO), arterial wall lipids, calcium and phospholipids, and aortic plaque area. The mechanism of anti arteriosclerosis of Radix Paeoniae Rubra may be related to improving lipoprotein component ratio, reducing plasma lipid peroxide, reducing calcium deposition in the arterial wall, inhibiting platelet aggregation, regulating TXA2 / PGI2 balance and activating adenylyl cyclase to increase cAMP concentration in the arterial wall.
4. effects on cardiovascular system the decoction of Radix Paeoniae Rubra (herbaceous peony) has mild inhibition on isolated toad heart and rabbit eutopic heart at a small dose (l:0.5, 0.05ml), slowing down heart rate and reducing stroke volume; High dose (1:0.5, 0.15ml) significantly inhibited and had conduction block. The blood vessels of toad viscera, hindlimbs and isolated rabbit ears were slightly dilated by vascular perfusion. The isolated rat heart was perfused with 0.2% red peony injection, which increased the coronary flow by 28.4%. Arterial injection to anesthetized dogs also increased coronary flow. Intravenous injection not only increased coronary flow, but also decreased peripheral resistance and blood pressure; These effects were not affected by reserpine pretreatment and may be direct effects. . . The intramuscular injection of 1g/kg of Radix Paeoniae Rubra injection has therapeutic and preventive effects on experimental pulmonary hypertension rabbits, which can dilate pulmonary vessels, improve pulmonary blood flow, reduce pulmonary artery pressure, increase cardiac output, and improve cardiac function. Chishao injection also has the effects of dilating pulmonary vessels, reducing pulmonary artery pressure and pulmonary vascular resistance, increasing cardiac output, improving right heart function and hemorheology in patients with pulmonary heart disease. Herbaceous peony extract tablets have similar effects on patients with pulmonary heart disease. Red peony injection 40g (crude drug) / kg and 80g (crude drug) / kg were injected intraperitoneally, which significantly prolonged the survival time of mice under normobaric hypoxia. 8g/kg intravenous injection has obvious protective effect on acute myocardial ischemia induced by Pituitrin in rats. 40g/kg gavage can also prolong the survival time of mice under decompression and hypoxia.
5. antitumor effect n-butanol extract of Radix Paeoniae Rubra (Radix Paeoniae Rubra d) was injected intraperitoneally at 1 ～ 2G / kg, and the inhibition rate of S180 solid tumor in mice was 31% - 49%. The water extract of Radix Paeoniae Rubra (Radix Paeoniae Rubra a) or 70% ethanol extract (Radix Paeoniae Rubra C) alone had no obvious effect on S180 solid tumor, but when combined with subthreshold dose of cyclophosphamide, it had obvious inhibitory effect; Red peony A and C had no obvious effect on 615 leukemia mice, but when combined with low-dose methotrexate, it could significantly prolong the survival time of 615 leukemia mice. The cAMP content in tumor tissues was significantly lower than that in normal tissues. Radix Paeoniae Rubra a, C and D could increase the cAMP level in S180 solid tumor, S180 ascites cancer or Lewis lung cancer tissues, respectively. This effect may be related to anticancer or anticancer synergism. The plasma fibrin content of S180 solid tumor mice is 2-3 times higher than that of normal. A2g/kg intraperitoneal injection of Radix Paeoniae Rubra can significantly reduce it. This effect may also be related to the anti-cancer effect. .
6. hepatoprotective effect Chishao injection 3.3mg/ml, 1.67mg/ml and 0.7mg/ml can significantly promote the DNA synthesis of hepatocytes in vitro, and has a good effect on hepatocyte regeneration and liver function recovery. . The mechanism of liver protection may be to increase the level of plasma fibronectin (PFN) in rats, thereby enhancing the phagocytic function of reticuloendothelial system and enhancing opsonin activity, so as to protect hepatocytes, prevent liver immune injury and promote hepatocyte regeneration. Red peony 801, 24mg/kg, intraperitoneal injection, once a day, for 2 weeks, can significantly induce the activity of carboxylesterase (cease) in the liver and heart of rats, which can promote the hydrolysis process in vivo and promote the excretion of poisons in vivo. D-catechin 100mg/kg or 50mg/kg intraperitoneal injection has a protective effect on the acute injury of liver mitochondria induced by ethanol in mice. It can reduce the lipid fluidity of liver mitochondrial membrane in model animals, increase the content of reduced glutathione (GSH) in liver mitochondria, reduce CA leaf + uptake and lipid peroxidate production, and alleviate the acute injury of liver mitochondrial membrane structure by antagonizing the toxic effect of ethanol.
7. other effects propyl gallate, a derivative of gallic acid, a component of Radix Paeoniae Rubra, has the ability to scavenge oxygen free radicals, can significantly inhibit mitochondrial swelling and lipid peroxidation induced by ferrous sulfate and vitamin C, and can protect the normal structure and function of mitochondria. Radix Paeoniae Rubra has no obvious effect on normal isolated ileum of guinea pigs, but it can relieve intestinal spasm caused by acetylcholine. Subcutaneous injection of n-butanol extract of Paeonia lactiflora (3g/kg) could promote the phagocytosis of reticuloendothelial system and increase liver weight, but had no obvious effect on hemolysin production and delayed type hypersensitivity. The extract of Radix Paeoniae Rubra has a significant inhibitory effect on β - hydroxy - β - methylglutarate coenzyme A and calcium channel blocker receptors. . Intragastric administration of herbaceous peony decoction can temporarily increase blood glucose in rabbits. The aqueous alcohol extract of narrow leaf peony has significant sedative and analgesic effects, and can also improve the acidity of gastric juice, improve appetite and digestive function.