Terminalia chebula
1、 Pharmacopoeia standard of Terminalia chebula       This product is the dried and mature fruit of Terminalia chebula retz. or Terminalia chebula Retz, var. tomentella kurt., a plant of the family Myrtle. Harvest the fruits in autumn and winter when they are ripe, remove impurities and dry them in the sun.
      [character]   The product is oblong or ovoid, 2-4cm long and 2-2.5cm in diameter. The surface is yellowish brown or dark brown, slightly shiny, with 5-6 longitudinal edges and irregular wrinkles, and there are round fruit stem marks at the base. Solid quality. The pulp is 0.2 ~ 0.4cm thick, yellowish brown or yellowish brown. The stone is 1.5 ～ 2.5cm long and 1 ～ 1.5cm in diameter, light yellow, rough and hard. The seeds are long and narrow spindle shaped, about 1cm long, 0.2 ～ 0.4cm in diameter, with yellow brown seed coat and 2 white cotyledons, which overlap and spiral with each other. .
      [identification]   (1) The powder of this product is yellowish white or yellowish brown.
      ; The fibers are light yellow, in bundles, crisscrossed or connected with stone cells and lignified sclerenchyma cells. The stone cells are square, polygonal or fibrous, 14-40 μ m in diameter and 130 μ m in length, with thick walls and fine pores and grooves; Calcium oxalate crystals and sand crystals are occasionally seen in the cell cavity. The lignified sclerenchyma cells were yellowish or colorless, rectangular, polygonal or irregular, and some of them expanded into boots at one end; The pits on the cell wall were dense; Some contain calcium oxalate cluster crystals or sand crystals. Calcium oxalate cluster crystals with a diameter of 5-40 μ m are scattered or arranged in rows in cells.
      Chebula villosa   Non glandular hair, 2-3 cells, containing yellowish brown secretion.
      (2) Take 0.5g of the product (enucleated) powder, add 30ml of absolute ethanol, heat and reflux for 30 minutes, filter, evaporate the filtrate, dissolve the residue with 5ml of methanol, pass through a neutral alumina column (100-200 mesh, 5g, inner diameter 2cm), elute with 50ml of dilute ethanol, collect the eluent, evaporate to dryness, dissolve the residue with 5ml of water, and then pass through a C18 (300mg) solid-phase extraction column, elute with 10ml of 30% methanol, discard the 30% methanol, elute with 10ml of methanol, collect the eluent, evaporate to dryness, add 1ml of methanol to the residue to dissolve it as the test solution. . Test according to thin-layer chromatography (general rule 0502), suck 4 μ l each of the above two solutions, dot them on the same silica gel G thin-layer plate, use toluene glacial acetic acid water (12:10:0.4) as the developing agent, develop, take out, dry, spray with 10% sulfuric acid ethanol solution, heat at 105 ℃ until the spots develop clearly, and check under ultraviolet light (365nm). In the chromatogram of the test sample, fluorescent spots of the same color appear at the position corresponding to the chromatogram of the control medicinal material.
      [check]   Moisture   Not more than 13.0% (the second method of general rule 0832).
        Total ash   Not more than 5.0% (general rule 2302).
      [extract]   It shall be determined according to the cold leaching method under the determination method of water-soluble extract (general rule 2201), and shall not be less than 30.0%.
      Decoction pieces
      [processing]   Terminalia chebula   Remove impurities, wash and dry. Break with time.
        Terminalia chebula meat   Remove Terminalia chebula, soak slightly, moisten, enucleate and dry.
      [nature, taste and meridian tropism]   Bitter, sour, astringent, flat. Return to lung and large intestine channels.
      [function and indications]   Astringent intestines to stop diarrhea, astringe lungs to stop cough, reduce fire and facilitate swallowing. .
      [usage and dosage]   3～10g。
      [storage]   Place in a dry place.
 


2、 Chemical constituents of Terminalia chebula
Terminalia chebula fruit contains 23.60% - 37.36% tannin [1], which contains:Chebulic acid（chebulinic acid),Terminalia chebula biphenic acid（chebulgaic acid)，Corilagin（corilagin)， Terminalia chebulin, punicalagin, terflavin a, terchebin, glucogallin,1,3,6-tri-o-galloylglucose（
1,3,6-Tri-O-galloyl-beta-D-glucose)，gallic acid（gallic acid)， Ellagic acid [2,3] et al. It also contains triterpenoids: ter minoic acid, chebupentol [4]. Also containsShikimic acid（shikimic acid)， Dehydroshikimic acid, quinic acid [5], triacontanoic acid,palmitic acid（palmitic acid)， Ethylgallate, triethyl chebulate,Carotene（darcos-terol)，β - sitosterol（β-sitosterol)[6]， Arabinose, fructose, glucose, sucrose, rhamnose, and amino acids [5]. In additionsennoside a （sennoside A)[7]， Chebulin [8] and tannase, polyphenol oxidase, peroxidase, ascorbic acid oxidase [9].

3、 Pharmacological effects of Terminalia chebula
1. antibacterial effect: in vitro test shows that it is effective against 4-5 kinds of dysentery bacilli, especially Terminalia chebula shell. In addition to being effective against various dysentery bacilli, Terminalia chebula Decoction (100%) has strong effects on Pseudomonas aeruginosa and diphtheria bacilli, and also has effects on Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, pneumococcus, hemolytic streptococcus, proteus, typhimurium (paper method); The effective concentrations of Shigella, Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were 1:32, 1:128 and 1:64 respectively (tube method). Terminalia chebula has good anti typhoid effect in vitro. The ethanol extract extracted with hydrochloric acid and ether has higher antibacterial and antifungal effects.
2. anti tumor experiment:.
2.1. the malignant tumor (ascites cancer, spindle cell sarcoma) cells of mice treated with Terminalia chebula Decoction will lose their viability when inoculated into mice.
2.2. respectively inoculate in Ehrlich ascites carcinoma. Chinese mice with ascites sarcoma and spindle cell sarcoma produced less ascites or tumor weight than the control group after oral administration of chebula decoction. .
3. scavenging of reactive oxygen species and resisting the damage of tetradecanoyl Bergamot ethyl ester (TPA) to human leukocyte DNA: 10-20 μ g/ml alcohol extract of Terminalia chebula significantly inhibited (P < 0.01) fe2+ / vitamin C-induced lipid peroxidation in mouse liver, lung homogenate and mitochondria, while 200-400 μ g/ml water extract of Terminalia chebula had inhibitory effect. The ethanol extract of Terminalia chebula at 25 μ g/ml could significantly scavenge the o2- produced by riboflavin (VB2) + light and antagonize the hemolysis caused by H2O2, while the water extract of Terminalia chebula at 100 μ g/ml had certain antagonism. The alcohol extract of Terminalia chebula (20 μ g/ml) significantly inhibited the chemiluminescence of human leukocytes induced by tpa20 μ g/ml, and 50 μ g/ml significantly antagonized the DNA strand breaks of human leukocytes induced by tpa100ng/ml and 400 μ g/ml cigarette smoke agglutinate (CSC). The aqueous extract of Terminalia chebula at 400 μ g/ml could not resist the DNA strand breakage of human leukocytes caused by the same dose of tPA.
4. other effects: chebulin extracted from dried fruits with 80% ethanol has papaverine like spasmolytic effect on smooth muscle; . The traditional Chinese medicine compound containing Terminalia chebula has been reported to have some anticancer effects. The alcohol extract from the fruit of Terminalia belenica, a plant of the same genus, can promote bile secretion, reduce blood pressure and inhibit smooth muscle. The oil contained in its seed kernel is similar to castor oil, which has a purgative effect on mice, and the hydrolysate (similar to castor oil) also has a stimulatory effect, with little toxicity. Different processed products of Terminalia chebula had no obvious inhibitory and antagonistic effects on the spontaneous activity of isolated rabbit intestine and the contraction of intestinal muscle induced by acetylcholine and barium chloride, and there was no obvious difference among the processed products; Increasing the dose of Terminalia chebula nucleus can get the same result as that of Terminalia chebula with nucleus. The processed products of Terminalia chebula had good antidiarrheal effect on diarrhea in mice caused by castor oil, and there was no obvious difference among the processed products, but the inhibitory effect on intestinal transporter energy in mice was slightly stronger in bran simmered Terminalia chebula. In conclusion, the tannin content of Terminalia chebula increased after processing, which significantly inhibited the contraction of isolated rabbit intestine and had a good antidiarrheal effect on diarrhea in mice. . In addition to being effective against dysentery bacilli, Terminalia chebula Decoction (100%) has strong effects on Pseudomonas aeruginosa and diphtheria bacilli, and also has effects on Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, pneumococcus, hemolytic streptococcus, proteus, and typhimurium; The effective concentrations of Shigella, Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were 1:32, 1:128 and 1:64, respectively. Terminalia chebula extract can inactivate influenza.