Ganoderma lucidum
1、 Pharmacopoeia standard of Ganoderma lucidum       This product is the dried fruiting body of Ganoderma lucidum (leyss. ex Fr.) karst. or Ganoderma sinensis Zhao, Xu et Zhang, a fungus of Polyporaceae. Harvest all year round, remove impurities, cut off the lower stipe with rotten wood, sediment or culture substrate, dry in the shade or dry at 40 ~ 50 ℃.
      [character]   Ganoderma lucidum   The shape is umbrella shaped, the pileus is kidney shaped, semi-circular or sub-circular, with a diameter of 10-18cm and a thickness of 1-2cm. The shell is hard, yellowish brown to reddish brown, shiny, with annular ribs and radial wrinkles, thin and flat edges, and often slightly curled. The mushroom meat is white to light brown. The stipe is cylindrical, lateral, less biased, 7-15cm long, 1-3.5cm in diameter, reddish brown to purple brown, bright. The spores are fine and yellowish brown. It smells slightly and tastes bitter.
      Ganoderma lucidum   The leather shell is purple black with paint like luster. The fungus flesh is rusty brown. The stipe is 17 ~ 23cm long.
      Cultivar   .
      [identification] (1) the powder of this product is light brown, tan to purple brown. The hyphae are scattered or agglomerated, colorless or light brown, slender, slightly curved, branched, and 2.5 ～ 6.5 μ m in diameter. The spores are brown, oval, flat cut at the top, colorless on the outer wall, and warty protuberances on the inner wall, 8-12 μ m long and 5-8 μ m wide.
      (2) . Another 2G of Ganoderma lucidum reference medicinal material was prepared into the reference medicinal material solution by the same method. According to the test of thin-layer chromatography (general rule 0502), suck 4 μ l of each of the above two solutions, dot them on the same silica gel G thin-layer plate, use the upper solution of petroleum ether (60 ～ 90 ℃) - ethyl formate formic acid (15:5:1) as the developing agent, develop, take out, dry, and view under the ultraviolet light (365nm). In the chromatogram of the test sample, fluorescent spots of the same color appear at the position corresponding to the chromatogram of the control medicinal material.
      (3) Take 1g of this product powder, add 50ml of water, heat and reflux for 1 hour, filter while hot, put the filtrate into an evaporating dish, wash the container with a small amount of water, combine the washing liquid into the evaporating dish, evaporate it on a water bath, dissolve the residue with 5ml of water, put it into a 50ml centrifuge tube, slowly add 25ml of ethanol, keep stirring, stand for 1 hour, centrifuge (rotating speed is 4000 rpm), take the sediment, wash it with 10ml of ethanol, centrifuge, take the sediment, dry it, let it cool, add 2ml of 4mol/l trifluoroacetic acid solution, put it into a 10ml ampoule or headspace bottle, seal it, mix it well, hydrolyze it at 120 ℃ for 3 hours, let it cool, and the hydrolysate was transferred to a 50ml flask, the container was washed with 2ml of water, the washing solution was put into the flask, evaporated to dryness under reduced pressure at 60 ℃, dissolved in 2ml of 70% ethanol, placed in a centrifuge tube, centrifuged, and the supernatant was taken as the test solution. In addition, take an appropriate amount of galactose reference substance, glucose reference substance, mannose reference substance and xylose reference substance, accurately weigh them, add 70% ethanol to make a mixed solution containing 0.1mg per 1ml as the reference solution. According to the test of thin-layer chromatography (general rule 0502), suck 3 μ l of each of the above two solutions, dot them on the same high-efficiency silica gel G thin-layer plate, use n-butanol acetone water (5:1:1) as the developing agent, develop, take out, dry, spray p-aminobenzoic acid solution (take 0.5g of 4-aminobenzoic acid, dissolve in 9ml of glacial acetic acid, add 10ml of water and 0.5ml of 85% phosphoric acid solution, mix well), heat at 105 ℃ for about 10 minutes, and inspect under ultraviolet light (365nm). In the chromatogram of the test sample, fluorescent spots of the same color appear at the corresponding positions of the chromatogram of the control sample. Among them, the strongest fluorescent spot is glucose, mannose and galactose have similar intensity, located on the upper and lower sides of glucose spot, xylose spot is on mannose, and the intensity of fluorescent spot is the weakest.
      [check]   Moisture   Not more than 17.0% (the second method of general rule 0832).
      Total ash   .
      [extract]   It shall not be less than 3.0% as determined by the hot leaching method under the determination of water-soluble extract (general rule 2201).
      [content determination]   Polysaccharides   Preparation of reference solution   Take an appropriate amount of anhydrous glucose reference substance, weigh accurately, add water to make a solution containing 0.12mg per 1ml.
      ; Accurately measure 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 1.0, and 1.2ml of the reference solution, place them in 10ml plugged tubes, add water to 2.0ml each, quickly and accurately add 6ml of anthrone sulfate solution (accurately weigh 0.1g of anthrone, add 100ml of sulfuric acid to dissolve, and shake well), shake well immediately, place them in an ice bath for 15 minutes, take them out, take the corresponding reagent as blank, measure the absorbance at the wavelength of 625nm according to the UV visible spectrophotometry (general rule 0401), and draw a standard curve with the absorbance as the ordinate and the concentration as the abscissa.
      Preparation of test solution   .
      ; Accurately measure 2ml of the test solution, place it in a 10ml tube with stopper, follow the method under the preparation of the standard curve, operate the same method from "rapidly and accurately add 6ml of AllInOne sulfate solution", measure the absorbance, read the content of anhydrous glucose in the test solution from the standard curve, and calculate.
        .
      Triterpenoids and sterols   Preparation of reference solution   Take an appropriate amount of oleanolic acid reference substance, weigh accurately, add methanol to make a solution containing 0.2mg per 1ml.
      ; Accurately measure 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, and 0.5ml of the reference solution, put them into 15ml plugged test tubes, volatilize them dry, let them cool, precisely add 0.2ml of the newly prepared vanillin glacial acetic acid solution (accurately weigh 0.5g of vanillin, add glacial acetic acid to dissolve into 10ml, get it), 0.8ml of perchloric acid, shake it well, heat it in a 70 ℃ water bath for 15 minutes, immediately put it in an ice bath for 5 minutes, take it out, precisely add 4ml of ethyl acetate, shake it well, take the corresponding reagent as a blank, according to the UV visible spectrophotometry (General rule 0401), at 546nm the absorbance was measured at the wavelength, and the standard curve was drawn with the absorbance as the vertical standard and the concentration as the abscissa.
      Preparation of test solution   Take about 2G of this product powder, accurately weigh it, put it into a corked conical flask, add 50ml of ethanol, sonicate (power 140W, frequency 42khz) for 45 minutes, filter it, put the filtrate into a 100ml volumetric flask, wash the filter and filter residue with appropriate amount of ethanol, mix the washing solution into the same volumetric flask, add ethanol to the scale, shake well, and get it.
      ; Accurately measure 0.2ml of the test solution, put it into a 15ml plugged test tube, follow the method under the preparation of the standard curve, operate the same method from "volatilization", measure the absorbance, read the content of oleanolic acid in the test solution from the standard curve, and calculate.
      This product is calculated as dry product, and the content of triterpenoids and sterols shall not be less than 0.50% based on oleanolic acid (c30h48o3).
      [nature, taste and meridian tropism]   Gan, Ping. .
      ; Tonify Qi and calm nerves, relieve cough and asthma. It is used for restlessness, insomnia, palpitations, lung deficiency, cough and asthma, fatigue and shortness of breath, and not thinking about diet.
      [usage and dosage]   6～12g。
      [storage]   Put it in a dry place to prevent mold and moth.


2、 Chemical constituents of Ganoderma lucidum
Ganoderma lucidum spore powder contains 13 kinds of amino acids:L-arginine（L-argi-nine），L-Tryptophan（L-tryptophane），L-Aspartic acid（L-aspartic acid），glycine（glycine），L-alanine （L-alanine），L-threonine（L-threonine），L-serine（L-serine）， Glutamic acid,L-proline（L-Proline) and traceL-methionine（L-methio-nine），L-leucine（L-leucine），L-Tyrosine（L-tyrosine），L-Phenylalanine（L-phenylala-nine）。 Also containsD-MannitolD-Mannitol, α, α -trehalose, stearic acid,palmitic acid（palmitic acid）, Tetracosanoic acid, nonadecanoic acid, kaempferol?? Behenicacid, tetracosane, hentriacontane and choline,betaine（betaine）。 It also contains organic germanium, calcium, magnesium, sodium, manganese, iron, zinc, copper, sulfur and other elements. Organic germanium is considered to be an ideal and powerful immune enhancer at present. It also contains lipids, including phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylcholine.
Ganoderma lucidum contains a variety of polysaccharide active ingredients: a water-soluble polysaccharide GL-1 with anti-tumor activity, which is composed of glucose, xylose and arabinose with a molar ratio of 18.8:1.5:1.0 and a relative molecular mass of 40000. In addition, ganoderan a, B and C, which have hypoglycemic activity, have relative molecular weights of 23000, 7400 and 5800, respectively, and each contains a peptide core. The peptide core content of Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharide A is less than 2.6%, and the polysaccharide part is composed of rhamnose, galactose and glucose in molar ratio of 0.4:1.0:0.7; Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharide B contains 55.1% glucan and 44.4% peptide core, and its amino acid composition is glycine 13.6%, aspartic acid 12.3%, alanine 10.0% 3%, threonine 9. 4%, serine 9. 1%, valine 6. 6%, tyrosine 5. 5%, leucine 4. 1%, proline 4; Ganoderma lucidum Polysaccharide C contains 72.5% polysaccharide (69.6% glucose, 2.9% galactose) and 25.5% peptide core. Its amino acid composition is glycine 12.7%, alanine 12.5%, serine 11.5%, threonine 11.1%, aspartic acid 9.0% 2%, glutamate 7.6%, valine 6.6%, tyrosine 5.5%, proline 5.2%, leucine 4.0% and a small amount of other amino acids. There is also a polysaccharide BN3C that can promote nucleic acid protein anabolism and improve hematopoiesis. All four polysaccharides were isolated from it. It was confirmed that bn3c1 is dextran; Bn3c3 is a peptidopolysaccharide composed of glucose and arabinose. The molar ratio of glucose to arabinose is 4:1, and the content of peptide is 5.4%. It is composed of cystine, leucine, tyrosine, alanine, phenylalanine, valine, glutamate, γ - aminobutyric acid and trace arginine, lysine, methionine, histidine.
More than 100 triterpenoids were isolated from the extracts of Ganoderma lucidum fruiting body, mycelium, spore powder and fermentation broth, most of which were highly oxidized lanosterane derivativesGanoderic acid A（ganoderic acid）、Ganoderic acidB、Ganoderic acidC1、Ganoderic acidC2、Ganoderic acidE、Ganoderic acidF、Ganoderic acidG、Ganoderic acidH、Ganoderic acidI、Ganoderic acidJ、Ganoderic acidK、Ganoderic acidL、Ganoderic acidM、Ganoderic acidMa、Ganoderic acidMb、Ganoderic acidMc、Ganoderic acidMd、Ganoderic acidMe、Ganoderic acidMf、Ganoderic acidMg、Ganoderic acidMh、Ganoderic acidMi、Ganoderic acidMj、Ganoderic acidMk、Ganoderic acidN、Ganoderic acidO、Ganoderic acidP、Ganoderic acidQ、Ganoderic acidR、Ganoderic acidS、Ganoderic acidT、Ganoderic acidU、Ganoderic acidV、Ganoderic acidW、Ganoderic acidX、Ganoderic acidY、Ganoderic acidZ. Ganoderic acid A, B, C, D; JA, JB, N, O, P1, P2, Q, R, s, T-N, t-o, t-q, 22,23-dimethylene Ganodermic acid, R, s;Ganoderic acid A（lucidenic acid）、Ganoderic acidB、Ganoderic acidC、Ganoderic acidD、E1、Ganoderic acidE2、Ganoderic acidF、G、H、I、J、K、Ganoderic acidL、Ganoderic acid LM1A, B, C, D, E; Ganosporeric acid A; ganoderol B、 C、D、E2、F、G、H、I； Ganederol a, B; Ganodermadiol, ganodermatriol, Ganoderma terpenonol, ganodermanondiol, ganodermanontriol;Ganodermal aldehyde a（ganederal）、B； Epoxyganoderiol a, B, C; Lucidone a, B, C; Ganosporelactone a, B; Ganodesterone. Also containsErgosterol（ergcoterol）， Ergosterol peroxide, ergosterol palmitate, ergosta-7, - dien-3 β - ol, ergosta-7, 22-dien-3 β - ol, ergosta-7, 22-dien-3 β - ol linoleate, ergosta-7, 22-dien-3 β - YL palmitate, ergosta-7, 22-dien-3 β - YL palmitate, 8,9-epoxy ergot at - 5,22-diene-3 β, 15 diol, 5 α, 8 α - epidioxyergosta-6, 9 (11), 22-trien-3 β - ol [5 α, 8 α - epidioxyergosta-6, 9 (11), 22-trien-3 β -ol], 5 α, 8 α - epidioxyergosta-6, 22-dien-3 β - ol linoleate (5 α, 8 α - epidioxyergosta-6, 22-dien-3 β - YL linoleate), ergosta-7, 22-dien-2 β, 3 α, 9 α - triol (ergcota-7, 3 22-dien-2 β, 3 α, 9 α -triol), ergosta-7, 22-dien-3 β, 5 α, 6 α -triol, ergosta-7, 22-dien-3 β, 5 α, 6 α -triol, ergosta-7, 22-dien-3 β, 5 α, Ergosta-7, 22-dien-3 β, 5 α, 6 β -triol), ergot-7, 9 (11), 22-trien-3 β, 5 α, 6 α - triol [ergosta-7, 9 (11), 22-trien-3 β, 5 α, 6 α -triol], 22 β - acetoxy-3 α, 15 α - dihydroxylanostera-7,9 (11), 24-trien-26-carboxylic acid [22 β-acetoxy-3α，15α-dihydroxylanosta-7，9（11），24-trien-26-oic acid ］，22β- Acetoxy-3 β, 15 α - dihydroxylanosterol-7,9 (11), 24-triene-26-carboxylic acid [22 β -acetoxy-3 β, 15 α -dihydroxylanosta-7, 9 (11), 24-trien-26-oic acid], 3 β, 15 α - diacetoxy-22 α - hydroxylanosterol-7, 9 (11), 24-trien-26-carboxylic acid [3 β, 15α-diacetoxy-22α-hydroxy1anosta-7，9（11），24-trien-26-oic acid〕， Lanosta-7, 9 (11), 24-trien-3 α - acetoxy-15 α - hydroxy-23-oxo-26-oic acid, lanosta-7, 9 (11), Lanosta-7, 9 (11), 24-trien-3 α - acetoxy-15 α, 22 β - dihydroxy-26-oic acid, lanosta-7, 9 (11), 24-trien-3 α - acetoxy-26-oic acid, lanosta-7, 9 (11), 24-trien-3 α - acetoxy-26-carboxylic acid, lanosta-7, 9 (11), 24-trien-3 α - acetoxy-26-oic acid, lanosta-7, 9 (11), 24-trien-15 α - acetoxy-3 α - oleic acid, lanosta-7, 9 (11), 24-trien-15 α - acetoxy-3 α - oleic acid, lanosta-7, 9 (11), 24-trien-15 α - acetoxy-3 α - oleic acid, lanost, β，15α，22β-trihydroxy-lanosta-7，9（11），24-trien-26-oic acid〕，3α，15α，22α- Trihydroxylanostera-7,9 (11), 24-trien-26-carboxylic acid (3 α, 15 α, 22 α - trihydroxyancota-7, 9 (11), 24-trien-26-oic Acid], 3 α, 15 α - diacetoxy-22 α - hydroxylanosta-7, 9 (11), 24-trien-26-carboxylic acid, 3 β, 15 α - diacetoxy-22 α -hydroxylanosta-7, 9 (11), 24-trien-26-oic acid, 3 β, 15 α - diacetoxy lanosta-8,24-dien-26-carboxylic acid, ergosta-7, 22-dien-3-one), ergosta-4,7,22-trien-3,6-dione, ergosta-4,7,22-trien-3,6-dione, ergosta-4,6,8 (14), 22-tetraen-3-one (ergosta-4,6,8 (14), 22-tetraen-3-one), 6 α - hydroxyergosta-4,7,22-trien-3-one (6 α -hydroxyergosta-4,7,22-trien-3-one), 6 β - hydroxyergosta-4,7,22-trien-3-one (6 β - hydroxyergosta-4,7,22-trien-3-one), 24-methylcholesta-7-en-3 β - ol (24 methylcholesta-7-en-3 β -ol), 24-methylcholesta-7,22-dien-3 β - ol, 24-methylcholesta-5, 7, 24-methylcholesta-5,7,22-trien-3 β -ol, β - sitosterol, etc. It also contains adenosine.
Ganoderma lucidum contains ergosterol, ergosterol-7,22-diene-3 β - ol, trehalose, potassium chloride, andRicinic acid（ri-cinoleic acid），FumarateOrganic acids such as fumaric acid, Glu cosamine,betaine， Alkaloids such as γ - butyrobetaine, resins andL-aspartic acid 、L-threonine、l-serine , glutamateglycine、L-alanine、L-cystine、L-valine 、L-Methionine 、l-leucine 、L-isoleucine（L-iso1eucine）、l-tyrosine 、L-phenylalanine、Lysine、L-arginine、l-his 、L-tryptophanEqual free amino acids and hydrolyzed amino acids. It also contains polysaccharides: a water-soluble glucan G-A isolated from the fruiting body has anti-tumor effect and inhibits edema induced by carrageenan; Another glucan isolated from mycelium, called Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharide, has hypoglycemic, blood cholesterol lowering and antitumor effects.

3、 Pharmacological effects of Ganoderma lucidum
1. effects on the central nervous system when the tincture of Ganoderma lucidum, Ganoderma lucidum fermentation concentrate, mycelial alcohol extract and the alcohol extract of defatted spore powder were injected intraperitoneally, the spontaneous activity of mice could be reduced. Alcohol extract can significantly enhance the central inhibitory effect of pentobarbital sodium (righting reflex disappeared), and has anti electric convulsion effect. Ganoderma lucidum fermentation concentrate or mycelial alcohol extract can enhance the central inhibitory effect of thiopental sodium. The alcohol extract of defatted spore powder has certain antagonistic effect on nicotine induced tonic convulsion in mice. Gavage of Ganoderma lucidum hot water extract also significantly reduced spontaneous activity in mice, with ED50 of 2.65g/kg, and significantly enhanced the sedative effect of pentobarbital sodium. . The adenoside isolated from Ganoderma lucidum can also reduce the spontaneous activity of mice, increase the pain threshold of mice, prolong the time of death from caffeine poisoning and relax the skeletal muscle of mice. The artificial and natural Ganoderma lucidum water decocting and alcohol precipitating concentrate by gavage in mice had obvious analgesic effect on pain induced by scalding and acetic acid writhing. The intraperitoneal injection of Ganoderma sp. fermentation broth can also inhibit the spontaneous activity of mice, enhance the central inhibitory effect of pentobarbital sodium, and significantly prolong the latency of pain response to radiant heat stimulation of rat tail, with obvious analgesic effect.
2. effects on cardiovascular system Chizhi tincture has a cardiotonic effect on isolated toad hearts. Intraperitoneal injection of Chizhi tincture in rabbits can strengthen cardiac contractility, with little change in heart rate. Intraperitoneal injection of alcohol extract of Ganoderma lucidum has an obvious antagonistic effect on the T-wave elevation of rabbit ECG caused by pituitrin, indicating that it has a certain resistance to acute myocardial ischemia. The blood pressure of anesthetized cats after intravenous injection of alcohol extract of Ganoderma lucidum decreased immediately, but the duration was short. . The fermentation broth of Ganoderma lucidum or ethanol extract of mycelium also had cardiotonic effect on isolated toad heart, and the latter had stronger effect. Intraperitoneal injection of ethanol extract of mycelium has cardiotonic effect on rabbit heart in vivo. The intravenous infusion of fermentation broth in anesthetized rabbits had a transient hypotensive effect, and no rapid tolerance was observed. Intraperitoneal injection of fermentation broth or ethanol extract of mycelium or gavage of Ganoderma lucidum hot water extract in mice can improve the ability of hypoxia tolerance under normal pressure. Intravenous injection of total alkaloids fermented by Ganoderma lucidum (alkaloid extraction method from fermentation broth) in anesthetized dogs significantly increased coronary blood flow and decreased coronary vascular resistance and myocardial oxygen consumption. . Ligation of the left anterior branch of the coronary artery in guinea pigs raised the S-T segment and inverted the T wave, which could be restored by alcohol extract. In isolated guinea pig hearts, both the total alkaloids fermented by Ganoderma lucidum and the alcohol extract of mycelium can dilate coronary arteries and resist the coronary vasoconstriction caused by pituitrin. Intraperitoneal injection of the above two formulations in mice can improve the ability to withstand atmospheric hypoxia, but oral administration is ineffective. Intraperitoneal injection of alcohol extract from Ganoderma lucidum fruiting body or mycelium can significantly improve the ability of myocardial uptake of 86Rb in mice. Ganoderma sp. fermentation broth also has this effect, and has cardiotonic effect on isolated toad heart and can improve the ability of mice to withstand atmospheric hypoxia. . The water extract of Ganoderma lucidum mycelium can reduce systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure with sympathetic efferent function inhibition in anesthetized rabbits and rats. The extract does not reduce heart rate, and its hypotensive effect is secondary to the inhibition of sympathetic nerve center. In addition, Ganoderma lucidum extract can resist the ventricular arrhythmia caused by barium chloride, has a stable protective effect on myocardial mitochondria in scalded rats, can increase the plasma and myocardial cAMP levels, reduce oxygen consumption and improve hypoxia tolerance in mice.
. It was proved that the methanol extract and its effective components have inhibitory effect on angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) in vitro. Ganoderic acid F, which has the strongest effect, has an IC50 of 4.7 × l0-9mol / L, and the rest are ganoderic acid h, K, B, C, y, s from strong to weak, while ganodermal alcohol a and B and ganodermal aldehyde a have weak effects. In 1981, there was an ingredient isolated from the water extract of Ganoderma lucidum fruiting body, with a relative molecular mass of ≥ 100000, containing lactose, fructose and glucose, which has the effect of reducing blood pressure.
3. antiplatelet aggregation and antithrombotic effects the injection of Ganoderma lucidum has obvious inhibitory effect on human platelet aggregation induced by ADP and collagen in vitro. Healthy people taking 0.2g of Ganoderma lucidum daily for 1 week also have obvious inhibition on ADP induced platelet aggregation, but it has poor effect on collagen inducers. Ganoderma lucidum can inhibit ADP induced platelet aggregation in vitro and in vivo in patients with myocardial infarction or cerebral infarction after taking Ganoderma lucidum for 2 weeks, and it can also significantly inhibit thrombosis in vitro. . Gavage of Ganoderma lucidum extract in rats can inhibit the formation of experimental platelet thrombosis and fibrin thrombosis, and can improve the deformability of human aging red blood cells, but has no effect on prothrombin time and white clay partial thromboplastin in rats.
4. effect on respiratory system phenol red excretion experiment of mouse trachea proved that the alcohol extract of Ganoderma lucidum and the fermentation broth of Ganoderma sp. had expectorant effect by intraperitoneal injection. . The tincture of Ganoderma lucidum, the alcohol extract of Ganoderma lucidum mycelium and the concentrated fermentation liquid have spasmolytic effect on the contraction of isolated guinea pig tracheal smooth muscle caused by histamine, and on the wheezing of guinea pigs caused by histamine spray. Intraperitoneal injection of Ganoderma lucidum fermentation liquid or the alcohol extract of mycelium can only protect a few animals, but can significantly prolong the wheezing latency. Ganoderma sp. fermentation broth can resist the spasm of isolated guinea pig tracheal smooth muscle caused by histamine, acetylcholine and barium chloride, and can significantly inhibit the release of histamine from the lungs of guinea pigs that are actively sensitized by eggs caused by antigen. The aqueous extract of Ganoderma lucidum has a mild relaxation effect on isolated guinea pig tracheal smooth muscle, and can also antagonize the contractile effect of allergic reaction mediator histamine and slow reaction substance (SRS-A) on the trachea.
Chloroform extract of Ganoderma lucidum fermentation broth significantly inhibited histamine release from rat peritoneal mast cells in vitro, and oleic acid isolated from it inhibited histamine release and 45Ca uptake of mast cells induced by compounds 48 / 80 and A-23187 in a dose-dependent manner. The methanol extract of Ganoderma lucidum can inhibit the release of histamine from rat mast cells induced by concanavalin A (Con A) and compound 48 / 80 in vitro, and the ganoderic acid C and D isolated from it can also inhibit the release of histamine. Its quantification can be used as the quality control index of this crude preparation.
5. effects on metabolism and endocrine function intraperitoneal injection of Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharide BN3C (D6) in mice can promote the synthesis of protein and nucleic acid in serum, liver and bone marrow, accelerate the division and proliferation of bone marrow cells, increase the content of P-450 in mouse liver homogenate cells, and improve the detoxification function of liver. .
. Gavage of ganoderma spore powder extract can antagonize hyperglycemia caused by intravenous injection of glucose or epinephrine in normal mice, has preventive and therapeutic effects on alloxan induced diabetic mice, and can improve glucose tolerance in diabetic mice. Hetero glycan isolated from the fruiting body of Ganoderma lucidum has hypoglycemic effect on male mice, but its effect is weaker than that of Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharide; It has a good antitumor effect on transplanted sarcoma S180 in mice.
6. hepatoprotective effect mice orally administered with Ganoderma lucidum tincture can reduce liver pathological damage caused by carbon tetrachloride poisoning. . Intragastric or intraperitoneal injection of ether extract of ganoderma spore powder in mice can significantly increase the tolerance to indomethacin (indomethacin) toxicity. The liver injury induced by carbon tetrachloride in rats treated with Ganoderma lucidum extract and glutathione showed obvious hepatoprotective effect with serum aminotransferase and lipid peroxide as indicators, and the histological examination was also effective, which was better than that of either drug alone.
7. effect on experimental myotonia mice injected with Ganoderma lucidum injection intraperitoneally can significantly reduce aldolase in experimental myotonia caused by 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid. Clinical use of ganoderma spore powder injection in the treatment of dermatomyositis, polymyositis and progressive muscular dystrophy has a certain effect. Liugengtao and others simulated the phenomenon of elevated serum phosphocreatine kinase (CPK) and aldolase in patients. Guinea pig thigh muscle homogenate plus immune adjuvant was injected into the soles of rats, once a week for four consecutive times. One week after the last injection, the examination reproduced immune myositis, with increased serum CPK, decreased muscle CPK, muscle degeneration, and inflammatory infiltration. . In addition, the serum CPK of mice with experimental myotonia induced by 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid also increased, and the water extract of ganoderma spore powder also decreased it. Ganoderma lucidum fruit body also has a protective effect on lipid peroxidation caused by oxygen free radical injury in rat leg muscle homogenate, reducing the production of malondialdehyde and inhibiting the generation of superoxide anion. Subcutaneous injection of water extract of Ganoderma lucidum spore powder in mice for 3-5 days also significantly increased the activities of acid phosphatase and β - glucuronidase in mouse peritoneal macrophages and antagonized the inhibition of DNA biosynthesis in mouse spleen caused by prednisone. .
8. antioxidant and anti-aging effects Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides GLA, GLB, GLC have inhibitory effects on the production of superoxide anion (o) free radicals and lipid peroxidation of red blood cells, and have scavenging effects on hydroxyl radicals (· oh), with superoxide dismutase like activity, which is an important factor for Ganoderma lucidum to delay aging. The effect of Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharide on DNA synthesis and cell division generation of human embryonic lung diploid cells showed that bn3b and BN3C could promote DNA synthesis and delay aging.
9. the anti-inflammatory effect of artificial and natural Ganoderma lucidum Decoction and alcohol precipitate concentrate can significantly inhibit carrageenan induced arthrogryposis in rats. The oral administration of artificial Ganoderma lucidum can inhibit the ear swelling induced by xylene in mice, and significantly reduce the increase of skin capillary permeability induced by carrageenan in mice. It can significantly inhibit the formation of cotton ball granuloma and the influx of leukocytes in the exudate, so as to significantly increase the body weight, but has no effect on the weight of thoracic gland, adrenal gland and spleen, and has no damage effect on the gastric mucosa of rats.
. A variety of polysaccharides isolated from the hot water extract of Ganoderma lucidum were intraperitoneally injected, which had inhibitory effect on S180 transplanted tumor in mice. Oral administration is ineffective. The proteoglycan isolated from the mycelia of Ganoderma lucidum can also inhibit the growth of S180 in mice, and the number of plaque forming cells in the spleen of mice immunized with sheep red blood cells is significantly increased. It is believed that the anti-tumor effect of polysaccharide is mediated by the host and the result of strengthening the host immune function rather than through its direct cytotoxic effect. Mice were intraperitoneally injected with polysaccharide GL-1, GL-2 or gl-3 isolated from Ganoderma lucidum, 5 ～ 20mg/kg daily for 10 days, and the inhibition rate of S180 was 42% ～ 97%. Both glucans and heteroglycans in Ganoderma lucidum have anti-s180 effects in mice.
11. anti radiation effect mice can die from acute radiation sickness after lethal dose of 60Co irradiation. If the alcohol extract of Ganoderma lucidum fruiting body was gavaged for 20d before irradiation and continued for 2 weeks after irradiation, the mortality of mice could be significantly reduced; If Ganoderma lucidum is only given intraperitoneally after irradiation, it has no effect on the lethal effect of 60Co, but it can prolong the average survival time of animals. The results showed that Ganoderma lucidum had certain protective effect on radiation injury. For male mice exposed to X-ray, Ganoderma lucidum extract was injected intraperitoneally to prevent radiation injury.
12. immunomodulatory effect intraperitoneal injection of proteoglycan isolated from Ganoderma lucidum can increase the cells, macrophages and polymorphonuclear leukocytes in the peritoneal exudate of mice, indicating the immune enhancing effect. The number of hemolytic plaque forming cells in the spleen of mice immunized with sheep red blood cells (SRBC) is significantly increased. This polysaccharide contains galactose, glucose and xylose. . Studies have shown that hydrocortisone and cyclosporine A can significantly inhibit the production of IL-2 by mouse splenocytes in vitro. The hot water extract of Ganoderma lucidum can significantly resist the inhibitory effects of the above two, and promote the production of IL-2. Its effect is related to the concentration. The overall study also proved that Ganoderma lucidum could promote the production of IL-2 by splenocytes, and the production of IL-2 was still significantly increased even under the condition of immunosuppressant application. BN3C, a component of Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharide, can significantly improve the ability of mouse peritoneal macrophages to engulf chicken red blood cells, and can slightly activate mouse splenocytes to enter low-level proliferation and IL-2 production, but it is far from being compared with ConA; When combined with Con A, cell proliferation was significantly increased, but IL-2 activity was decreased. . Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides bn3a, bn3b and BN3C significantly increased the production of IL-2 in splenocytes of normal mice in vitro, restored the ability of IL-2 production in splenocytes of aged mice, and partially antagonized the inhibition of IL-2 production in splenocytes of mice by hydrocortisone or cyclosporine A. Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharide promoted the secretion of IL-2 and enhanced the function of T cells. In the mouse mixed lymphocyte culture model, it antagonized the immunosuppressive effects of cyclosporine A, hydrocortisone, mitomycin C, fluorouracil and cytarabine to varying degrees. When the inhibition was mild, it could completely antagonize and make it return to normal.
. A protein contained in the mycelium of Ganoderma lucidum has 100% inhibitory effect on type I allergy induced by bovine serum albumin in CFW mice by intravenous or intraperitoneal injection; The type IV allergy of lymphocytes treated with the protein was also reduced (from 100% to 20.4%).
The ethanol extract water soluble fraction (GLSE) of Ganoderma lucidum spore powder injected intraperitoneally can significantly inhibit the skin allergic reaction of mice caused by 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene, the delayed allergic reaction of mouse feet caused by SRBC, and the delayed allergic reaction caused by the injection of allogeneic splenocytes. In vitro, it has obvious inhibitory effect on Con A-induced transformation of mouse splenic lymphocytes. The above results indicated that GLSE could inhibit the cellular immune function of mice.
The alkali extract of Ganoderma lucidum mycelium can activate complement C3, activate the reticuloendothelial system of mice, increase the carbon clearance rate, and also increase the hemolytic plaque forming cells in the spleen. Its effective components contain polysaccharides and proteins.
13. other effects ganoderma spore powder or ganoderma extract can significantly reduce salivation in mice caused by pilocarpine, indicating peripheral anticholinergic effect. . The tincture or alcohol extract of Ganoderma lucidum has obvious inhibitory effect on isolated rabbit small intestine or guinea pig ileum, especially on acetylcholine excited small intestine. The fermentation broth of Ganoderma lucidum or alcohol extract of mycelium significantly inhibited the isolated rabbit ileal smooth muscle, and antagonized the ileal contraction caused by barium chloride, acetylcholine and histamine. The fermentation broth of Ganoderma lucidum can significantly inhibit the contraction of rat uterus induced by Pituitrin in vitro. Mice were intraperitoneally injected with 3.5g/kg of Ganoderma lucidum hot water extract for 1 week, which could significantly prolong the swimming time of mice.
14. toxicity Ganoderma lucidum is less toxic. The LD50 of Ganoderma lucidum percolate solution is 38.3 ± 1.04g/kg by intraperitoneal injection in mice, the LD50 of Ganoderma lucidum hot alcohol extract is 6.75g/kg by intraperitoneal injection in mice, and the MLD of gavage is 165g/kg. The cold alcohol extract was less toxic. Rats were gavaged with 1.2g/kg and 12g/kg daily for a total of 30 days, and there were no toxic manifestations on growth and development, liver function, electrocardiogram, etc. Dogs were given cold alcohol extract 12g/kg daily for 15 days, and then hot alcohol extract 24g/kg for 13 days. The indicators were the same as those of rats, and the results were similar. No abnormality was found in pathological sections.
The injection made of artificial cultured Ganoderma lucidum by alcohol extraction showed different degrees of allergic reactions in guinea pigs. It has been reported that patients with mild urticaria, skin itching, palpitation, chest tightness, laryngeal edema, etc. after application, severe cases of anaphylactic shock, life-threatening, so the clinical use of oral.