Eucommia ulmoides leaves
1、 Pharmacopoeia standard of Eucommia ulmoides leaves       This product is the dried leaves of Eucommia ulmoides Oliv, a plant of Eucommia family. Harvest in summer and autumn when the branches and leaves are luxuriant, and dry in the sun or at low temperature.
      [character]   The product is mostly broken, and the complete leaves are oval or oval after flattening, 7-15cm long and 3.5-7cm wide. The surface is yellowish green or yellowish brown, slightly shiny, the apex is acuminate, the base is round or widely cuneate, the edge is serrated, and has a short petiole. It is brittle and fragile. A small amount of silver white rubber wire is connected on the fracture surface. The breath is slight, and the taste is slightly bitter.
      [identification] (1) the powder of this product is brown. There are many rubber filaments, scattered or penetrating in mesophyll tissue and vein tissue fragments, grayish green, slender strip, mostly twisted into bundles, with granular surface. ; Pores can be seen in the lower epidermis, which are amorphous and dense, and the guard cells have circular texture. Non glandular hair single cell, 10-31 μ m in diameter, with small verrucous protrusions, visible spiral texture, and yellow brown content in the cell cavity.
      (2) . In addition, 1g of Eucommia ulmoides leaves was taken as the control medicinal material, 25ml of methanol was added, heated and refluxed for 1 hour, cooled, filtered, and the filtrate was used as the control medicinal material solution. Then take chlorogenic acid reference substance and add methanol to make a solution containing 1mg per 1ml as the reference substance solution. According to the test of thin-layer chromatography (general rule 0502), suck 5-10 μ l of each of the above three solutions, dot them on the same silica gel h thin-layer plate, use the upper solution of butyl acetate formic acid water (7:2.5:2.5) as the developing agent, develop, take out, dry, and view under the ultraviolet light (365nm). In the chromatogram of the test sample, fluorescent spots of the same color appear at the positions corresponding to the chromatogram of the control medicinal material and the chromatogram of the control sample.
      [check]   Moisture   Not more than 15.0% (the second method of general rule 0832).
      [extract]   According to the hot leaching method under the determination of alcohol soluble extract (general rule 2201), the use of dilute ethanol as solvent shall not be less than 16.0%.
      [content determination]   Determine according to high-performance liquid chromatography (general rule 0512).
      ; Octadecylsilane bonded silica gel was used as filler; ; The detection wavelength is 327nm. The number of theoretical plates should not be less than 2000 according to the chlorogenic acid peak.
      Preparation of reference solution   .
      Preparation of test solution   Take about 1g of this product powder (passing through No. 3 screen), weigh it accurately, place it in a corked conical flask, add 25ml of 50% methanol precisely, weigh it, heat and reflux for 30 minutes, cool it, weigh it again, make up the lost weight with 50% methanol, shake it well, filter it, and take the filtrate.
      Assay   Precisely suck 10 μ l of the reference solution and 10 μ l of the test solution respectively, inject them into the liquid chromatograph, and determine.
      The content of chlorogenic acid (c16h18o9) in this product shall not be less than 0.080% calculated as dry product.
      [sexual ambiguity and tropism]   . Return to liver and kidney channels.
      [function and indications]   Tonify liver and kidney, strengthen muscles and bones. .
      [usage and dosage]   10～15g。
      [storage]   Place in a dry place.

2、 Chemical constituents of Eucommia ulmoides leaves
containGeniposide acid(geniposidic acid)，Lirioside(liriodendrin)，Pinoresinol diglucoside(pinoresinol diglucoside)， Eucommiol, 1-deoxyeucommiol, catechol, 3- (3-hydroxyphenyl) propionic acid, dihydrocaffeic acid, guaia cylglycerol, trans-4-hydroxycyclohexane-1-carboxylic acid, tartaric acid,Fumarate(fumaric acid)， ,Aucubin(aucubin)，chlorogenic acid(chlorogenic acid)， Alkaloids, sugars [6] and their glycosides, tannins, lactones, coumarin and its glycosides, resins, proteins, guttapercha [7]; It also contains 2-ethylfurylacrolein as the main volatile component, including 7 alcohols, 3 aldehydes, 4 ketones, 2 esters, 18 hydrocarbons and 1 phenol; Amino acids include glutamic acid,l-serine (L-serine)，L-Proline (L-proline)，glycine(glycine)，L-alanine(L-alanine)，L-valine (L-valine)，L-Methionine (L-methionine)，L-isoleucine(L-isoleucine)，l-his (L-histidine)，L-threonine(L-threonine)，L-lysine(L-lysine)，L-arginine(L-arginine)[9]； It also contains fatty acids dominated by linoleic acid and inorganic elements dominated by calcium.

3、 Pharmacological effects of Eucommia ulmoides leaves
1. sedative and analgesic effects. After 20g/kg of Eucommia ulmoides leaves decoction was given to mice by gavage, the number of spontaneous activities of mice was significantly reduced, and the most obvious was 2 hours. The hot plate test confirmed that intraperitoneal injection of 12g/kg water decoction and alcohol precipitate of Eucommia ulmoides leaves in mice could increase the pain threshold of mice and had obvious analgesic effect.
2. effect on cardiovascular system
  2.1. effects on the heart 0.2g of Eucommia ulmoides leaves Decoction alcohol precipitate can significantly increase coronary blood flow in isolated guinea pig hearts. Intravenous injection of 20g/kg in rabbits had no antagonistic effect on ST segment elevation and T wave changes induced by intravenous injection of isoproterenol.
  2.2. hypotensive effect after intravenous injection of 0.4g/kg Eucommia ulmoides leaves Decoction in anesthetized dogs and cats, the blood pressure decreased rapidly, and gradually rose after maintaining for 5 minutes; When the dose of more than 1g/kg was injected intravenously, the blood pressure decreased significantly and could be maintained for a long time. Alcohol extract also has antihypertensive effect, but the antihypertensive amplitude and duration are worse than those of water decoction. Hypotensive tests in anesthetized dogs and cats have proved that repeated intravenous administration of Eucommia ulmoides leaves Decoction and alcohol extract in a short period of time can produce rapid tolerance, and continuous administration of 3-4 times can not even produce hypotensive effect. Both the water decoction of Eucommia ulmoides leaves and the 65% ethanol extract 6g/kg intravenously could cause a significant decrease in blood pressure in rabbits. The aqueous solution, alcohol solution, ether solution of Eucommia ulmoides leaves and purified components such as sugars, alkaloids, aucubin and chlorogenic acid have different degrees of hypotensive effect when given intravenously to rabbits.
. Mice were orally administrated with eucommia ulmoides leaves Decoction 6G / kg daily for 6 days, which could improve the phagocytosis of carbon ink particles in mice, and its effect on the clearance rate of carbon particles in blood of mice was roughly equivalent to that of 3g/kg Astragalus membranaceus and Codonopsis pilosula groups. The oral administration of Eucommia ulmoides leaves Decoction (12g/kg) significantly affected the phagocytic function of macrophages in mice under the action of hydrocortisone, and increased the phagocytic activity, indicating that Eucommia ulmoides can enhance the immune function of the body.
4. the anti-inflammatory effect of 10g/kg alcohol extract of Eucommia ulmoides leaves by gavage in rats has an inhibitory effect on egg white foot swelling, but the effect is weaker than that of sodium salicylate. . The water decoction of Eucommia ulmoides leaves 10g / kg, administered for 5 days, can significantly reduce the percentage of lymphocytes in the blood of mice and atrophy the thymus of young mice; The decoction of Eucommia ulmoides leaves (10g/kg) for 8 consecutive days could significantly increase the plasma cortisol content and reduce the vitamin C content in the adrenal gland of rats.
5. effects on glucose metabolism Eucommia ulmoides leaves Decoction 10g/kg, twice a day, for 8 days, can significantly increase the liver glycogen content and blood glucose content of mice.
.
7. other effects 10% Eucommia ulmoides leaves decoction can be freely drunk and taken by mice for 30 days. It has obvious anti freezing effect and can significantly prolong the survival time of mice at -3 ℃. The water extract of branches and leaves has anti lipid peroxidation effect. Radioimmunoassay was used to observe that 10g/kg gavage of Eucommia ulmoides leaves decoction could significantly increase the levels of camp and cGMP in the plasma of mice.
8. the median lethal dose of toxic Eucommia ulmoides leaves Decoction injected intraperitoneally in mice is 8.64 ± 0.59g/kg. Mice were gavaged with 40g / kg of Eucommia ulmoides leaves water decoction alcohol precipitate daily for 3 days, and no abnormal phenomenon was found. The rats were gavaged with 12g/kg of Eucommia ulmoides water decoction and alcohol precipitation solution for 21 consecutive days, and no histological changes were found.