Peony bark
1、 Pharmacopoeia standard of Cortex Moutan       This product is the dried root bark of Paeonia suffruticosa andr., a Ranunculaceae plant. In autumn, the roots are dug, the fine roots and sediment are removed, the root bark is stripped, dried in the sun or scraped away, the wood core is removed, and dried in the sun. The former is known as Lian Danpi, and the latter is known as scraping Danpi.
      [character]   The Liandan cortex is tubular or semi tubular, with longitudinal cracks, slightly curled or opened inward, 5-20cm long, 0.5-1.2cm in diameter, and 0.1-0.4cm thick. The outer surface is grayish brown or yellowish brown, with most transverse lenticel like protrusions and fine root marks, and the cork is pink at the drop; The inner surface is light grayish yellow or light brown, with obvious fine longitudinal lines and often shiny crystals. It is hard and brittle, easy to break, with flat section, light pink and powdery. The smell is fragrant, and the taste is musty, bitter and astringent.
      There are scraping marks on the outer surface of the dandelion shaving leather. The outer surface is reddish brown or light grayish yellow, and sometimes grayish brown spots can be seen.
      [identification] (1) the powder of this product is reddish brown. There are many starch grains, single grain is round or polygonal, with a diameter of 3-16 μ m, umbilical punctate, crack like or bird like; The compound granule is composed of 2-6 fractions. The diameter of calcium oxalate cluster crystals is 9 ～ 45 μ M. sometimes the crystal containing cells are connected and the cluster crystals are arranged in rows, or one cell contains several cluster crystals. The cork cells in Liandan cortex are rectangular, with slightly thick walls and light red color.
        ⑵ take 1g of this product powder, add 10ml of diethyl ether, tightly plug, shake for 10 minutes, filter, volatilize the filtrate, add 2ml of acetone to dissolve the residue, and use it as the test solution. Another paeonol control sample was added with acetone to make a solution containing 2mg per 1ml as the control solution. Test according to thin-layer chromatography (general rule 0502), suck 10 μ l each of the above two solutions, dot them on the same silica gel G thin-layer plate, use cyclohexane ethyl acetate glacial acetic acid (4:1:0.1) as the developing agent, develop, take out, dry, spray 2% vanillin sulfuric acid ethanol solution (1 → 10), and heat at 105 ℃ until the spots are clear. In the chromatogram of the test sample, spots with the same color appear at the corresponding position of the chromatogram of the control sample.
        ; Moisture   Not more than 13.0% (the fourth method of general rule 0832).
      The total ash content shall not exceed 5.0% (general rule 2302).
      [extract]   According to the hot leaching method under the determination of alcohol soluble extract (general rule 2201), the use of ethanol as solvent shall not be less than 15.0%.
      [content determination]   Determine according to high-performance liquid chromatography (general rule 0512).
        Chromatographic conditions and system suitability test octadecylsilane bonded silica gel was used as filler; Methanol water (45:55) was used as mobile phase; The detection wavelength was 274nm. The number of theoretical plates should not be less than 5000 according to the peak of paeonol.
      Preparation of reference solution take appropriate amount of paeonol reference, weigh accurately, add methanol to make a solution containing 20 μ g per 1ml.
      Preparation of test solution take about 0.5g of crude powder of the product, weigh accurately, place in a corked conical flask, add 50ml of methanol precisely, close the stopper, weigh, sonicate (power 300W, frequency 50KHz) for 30 minutes, cool, weigh again, use methanol to make up for the lost weight, shake well, filter, accurately measure 1ml of continuous filtrate, place in a 10ml measuring flask, add methanol to dilute to the scale, shake well, and then get it.
      The determination method is to precisely suck 10 μ l of the reference solution and 10 μ l of the test solution, inject them into the liquid chromatograph, and determine.
      .
      Decoction pieces
      [processing]   Wash quickly, moisten, slice and dry in the sun.
      This product is a round or curly thin sheet. The outer surface of Liandan skin is grayish brown or yellowish brown, and the place where the cork falls off is pink; The outer surface of the shaved dandelion is reddish brown or light grayish yellow. Sometimes bright crystals can be seen on the inner surface. Cut light pink, pink. .
      [identification] [inspection] [extract] [content determination]   Same as medicinal materials.
      [nature, taste and meridian tropism]   Bitter, pungent and slightly cold. Homing, liver and kidney meridians.
      ; Clearing heat and cooling blood, activating blood circulation and removing blood stasis. It is used to warm blood, warm toxic spots, spit blood and bleed blood, get hot at night and cool early, sweat free bone steaming, amenorrhea and dysmenorrhea, drop pain, carbuncle, swelling and sore poison.
      [usage and dosage]   6～12g。
        [note]   Caution for pregnant women.
      [storage]   Store in a cool and dry place.


2、 Chemical constituents of Cortex Moutan
Root bark containsPaeoniflorin（paeonifolrin），Oxidized paeoniflorin（oxypaeoniflorin），Benzoyl paeoniflorin（benzoylpaeoniflorin），Paeonol（paeonol）， Paeonollide,Paeonol neoglycoside（apiopaeonoside），Benzoyl oxidized paeoniflorin（benxoyloxy-paeoniflorin）， 2,3-dihydroxy-4-methoxyacetophenone, 3-hydroxy-4-methoxyacetophenone,1,2,3,4,6-pentagalloylglucose（1，2，3，4，6-pentagalloylglucose）gallic acid(gallic acid) et al.

3、 Pharmacological effects of Cortex Moutan
1. cardiovascular effects: peony bark can increase coronary blood flow, reduce cardiac output and reduce left ventricular work in anesthetized dogs. It has obvious protective effect on experimental myocardial ischemia for a long time and reduces myocardial oxygen consumption. Cortex Paeoniae decoction, 1.0-3.0g / kg of the decoction after removing peony phenol or 80-120mg / kg of peony phenol were intravenously injected, which had antihypertensive effects on anesthetized dogs and rats. Dogs with primary and renal hypertension were gavaged with peony bark Decoction 5g / kg for 5 consecutive days, and the dose increased to 10g / kg on the 6th and 7th days, and the blood pressure decreased significantly. . Paeonol 0.5-1.0g / kg also showed certain antihypertensive effect in renal hypertensive dogs and rats. Paeonol could significantly inhibit 45Ca uptake and beat frequency in normal cardiomyocytes in fast phase (5 min) and slow phase (120 min), significantly inhibit 45Ca uptake and reduce intracellular lipid peroxide content in calcium paradoxical cardiomyocytes in a dose-dependent manner, indicating that paeonol alleviates calcium paradoxical injury is related to preventing Ca2 + influx and antioxidation. . In addition, the anti atherosclerotic effect of paeonol was studied by using a feeding atherosclerosis model. Results the macroscopic grading and morphological histochemical analysis of aortic intimal lesions in the modeling plus peony phenol group were significantly less than those in the modeling control group. The results showed that intraperitoneal injection of paeonol 100mg / kg · D for 6 weeks could significantly inhibit the formation of atherosclerotic plaque.
2. effects on the central nervous system: paeonol has antipyretic effect on fever in mice caused by oral typhoid and paratyphoid vaccines, and reduces the body temperature of normal mice. Oral administration of paeonol can inhibit the writhing reaction and tail tenderness reaction of mice caused by intraperitoneal injection of acetic acid, and can resist the hyperkinesia of mice caused by caffeine, can significantly prolong the sleep time of mice caused by sodium cyclamate, can make the righting reflex disappear in mice at high doses, and can significantly resist the convulsion caused by pentylenetetrazol, strychnine, nicotine and electric shock. The action site is in the mesencephalic reticular formation and thalamus.
3. anti inflammatory effect: paeonol can inhibit the edema of rats' feet caused by dextran or acetic acid or carrageenan, inhibit the enhancement of capillary permeability of mice 'abdominal cavity or guinea pig's skin caused by acetic acid or serotonin, and inhibit the occurrence of stress ulcer in mice. Experiments have proved that Danpi decoction can inhibit a variety of inflammatory reactions caused by carrageenan edema, adjuvant arthritis and Arthur reaction, which is related to its inhibition of the permeability of inflammatory tissues and the biosynthesis of PGE2. Danpi can not inhibit the compensatory hyperplasia of the remaining adrenal gland, and has no obvious effect on the metabolism of vitamin C in the adrenal gland, suggesting that it has neither cortisone like nor adrenocorticotropic hormone like effects, that is, its anti-inflammatory effect does not depend on the pituitary adrenal system. Type Ⅰ, Ⅱ and Ⅲ allergic reactions are mediated by specific antibodies. Cortex Paeoniae has no obvious effect on the formation of antibodies, but it has an inhibitory effect on them. It may play a role through a non-specific anti-inflammatory mechanism, and inhibiting serum complement activity will enhance its anti-inflammatory effect. Paeonia suffruticosa did not inhibit the production of specific antibodies and the hemolytic activity of the complement bypass pathway, suggesting that Paeonia suffruticosa could not inhibit the normal humoral immune function while playing an anti-inflammatory role.
4. antibacterial effect: in vitro experiments showed that peony bark decoction had strong antibacterial effect on Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, typhoid bacillus, paratyphoid bacillus, proteus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus, hemolytic streptococcus, pneumococcus, Vibrio cholerae, etc. peony leaf decoction had significant antibacterial effect on Shigella, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus, and its effective component was gallic acid. . Some people have discussed the relationship between the antibacterial components of the water decoction of peony bark and its thermal stability at Different Decocting times. It is suggested that the in vitro antibacterial ability of Paeonia suffruticosa after 30 min decoction is significantly better than that of the decoction with 15 min decoction time, but there is no significant difference with that of the decoction with 60 and 90 min decoction time.
5. anticoagulant effect: in vitro test on human platelets, it was found that both the water extract of peony bark and paeoniflorin can inhibit the production of thromboxane A2 from platelet arachidonic acid, and then inhibit platelet aggregation, which is the result of inhibiting the cyclooxygenase reaction from arachidonic acid to H2 in prostate. The methanol extract of Paeonia suffruticosa has the effect of inhibiting endotoxin induced experimental thrombosis. The research shows that the antithrombotic mechanism of moutan cortex is that paeonol, benzoyl paeoniflorin and benzoyl oxidized paeoniflorin inhibit platelet aggregation, while paeonol, paeoniflorin and oxidized paeoniflorin have anti opsonin effects; ; Oxidized paeoniflorin, benzoyl oxidized paeoniflorin, benzoyl paeoniflorin have a strong stabilizing effect on the cell membrane of red, thus inhibiting thrombosis. Paeoniflorin can inhibit ADP or collagen induced platelet aggregation in rats by intraperitoneal injection or in vitro.
6. effect on immune system: mice were gavaged with Paeonia suffruticosa, paeonol, paeoniflorin, oxidized paeoniflorin, and benzoyl paeoniflorin respectively, which could promote the clearance rate of intravenously injected carbon particles in the blood, even if the function of mononuclear macrophage system was in a low state, it could also promote the phagocytosis of Kupffer cells in the liver and macrophages in the spleen was enhanced by microscopic examination. Paeoniflorin and oxidized paeoniflorin can also enhance the phagocytosis of emulsion by mouse peritoneal macrophages in vitro. Intraperitoneal injection of Danpi liquid into mice can increase the number of spots in the spleen after hemolysis. After intraperitoneal injection of paeonol at 25mg / kg for 6 days, the weight of spleen increased significantly, and the weight of thymus decreased due to cortisone and cyclophosphamide. It can be seen from the above that peony bark can enhance humoral and cellular immunity.
7. effects on lipid metabolism: Paeonia suffruticosa and its paeonol and paeoniflorin can inhibit the lipolysis of adipocytes caused by epinephrine; The water extract of Paeonia suffruticosa can increase the production of fat from glucose in adipocytes, and significantly increase the production of fat from glucose induced by insulin.
8. other effects: 20% Paeonia suffruticosa is perfused into the abdominal cavity, which has a significant preventive effect on the injured abdominal adhesions in rabbits. Chronic arthritis rats induced by Freund's adjuvant injection, subcutaneous injection of the inflammatory agent casein in rats within two months, can cause the degeneration of arthritic feet and tails to continue to worsen, the subcutaneous fibrosis of feet and tails, bone hyperplasia, obvious osteofibrosis, and connective tissue proliferation in abdominal subcutaneous tissue. If the enzyme protein is given and the peony bark or Guizhi Fuling pills are continuously fed, the newly induced damage of enzyme protein can be inhibited. The methanol extract of cortex Paeoniae has inhibitory effect on mouse ascites cancer cells and cervical cancer cells. .