Eucommia ulmoides
1、 Pharmacopoeia standard of Eucommia ulmoides Oliv       This product is the dried bark of Eucommia u1moides oliv. Peel it from April to June, scrape off the coarse skin, stack it with "perspiration" until the endothelium is purplish brown, and dry it in the sun.
      [character]   The product is plate-shaped or slightly rolled inward on both sides, with different sizes and thickness of 3-7mm. The outer surface is light brown or grayish brown, with obvious wrinkles or longitudinal cracks and grooves. Some bark is thin, without coarse skin removed, and obvious skin pores can be seen. . It is brittle and easy to break. The section is connected by fine, silver white and elastic rubber wires. It tastes slightly bitter.
      [identification]   (1) The powder is brown. The rubber wires are in strips or twisted into clusters, and the surface is granular. There are many stone cells, mostly in groups, which are rectangular, round, long strip or irregular in shape, about 180 μ m in length, 20-80 μ m in diameter, with thick walls, and some cavities contain rubber clumps. The surface of cork cells is polygonal, with a diameter of 15-40 μ M. the walls are unevenly thickened, lignified, and have fine pits; Viewed from the side, the wall is rectangular, thickened on three sides, thin on one side, and the pore groove is obvious.
      (2) Take 1g of this product powder, add 10ml of trichloromethane, soak for 2 hours, and filter. .
      ; According to the hot leaching method under the determination of alcohol soluble extract (general rule 2201), 75% ethanol shall be used as the solvent, which shall not be less than 11.0%.
      [content determination]   Determine according to high-performance liquid chromatography (general rule 0512).
      Chromatographic conditions and system suitability test octadecylsilane bonded silica gel was used as filler; Methanol water (25:75) was used as mobile phase; .
      Preparation of reference solution take an appropriate amount of pinoresinol diglucoside reference substance, accurately weigh it, add methanol to make a solution containing 0.5mg per 1ml.
      .
      The determination method is to precisely suck 10 μ l of the reference solution and 10 μ l of the test solution, inject them into the liquid chromatograph, and determine.
      The content of pinoresinol diglucoside (c32h42o16) in this product shall not be less than 0.10%.
      Decoction pieces
      [processing]   .
      This product is small square or filiform. The outer surface is light brown or grayish brown, with obvious wrinkles. . The section is connected by fine, silver white and elastic rubber wires. It tastes slightly bitter.
      [identification] [extract] [content determination]   Same as medicinal materials.
      Salt Eucommia ulmoides Oliv take Eucommia ulmoides Oliv pieces or silk, fry according to the salt roasting method (general rule 0213) until the silk is broken and the surface is burnt black.
      . It tastes slightly salty.
      ; Moisture   The same as medicinal materials, not more than 13.0%[1].
        Total ash   The same as medicinal materials, not more than 10.0%[2].
      [extract]   No less than 12.0% of the same medicinal materials.
      ; Same as medicinal materials.
      [nature, taste and meridian tropism]   Gan, Wen. Return to liver and kidney channels.
      ; It can nourish the liver and kidney, strengthen the muscles and bones, and soothe the fetus. It is used for liver and kidney deficiency, waist and knee soreness, muscle and bone weakness, dizziness, blood leakage during pregnancy, and restless fetal movement.
        [usage and dosage]   6～10g。
      [storage]   Place in a ventilated and dry place.


2、 Chemical constituents of Eucommia ulmoides Oliv
The bark contains a variety of lignans and their glycosides: syringaresinol [1], syringaresinol-o - β - d-glucopyranoside [2], syringylglycerol - β - syringaresinolether4 ", 4 ″ '- di-o - β - d-glucopyranoside; Pinoresinol, epipinoresinol [1], pinoresinol-o - β - d-glucopyranoside, pinoresinol-di-o - β - d-glucopyranoside, l-hydroxypinoresinol [1], 1-hydroxypinoresinol-4 '- O - β - d-glucopyranoside de), 1-hydroxypinoresinol-4 ″ - O - β - d-glucopyranside, L-hydroxypinoresinol-4 ', 4 ″ - di-o - β - d-glu-glucoside [2], dihydrodihydrodiconiferylalcohol, threo dihydrodihydrodi coniferylalcohol, erythro dihydrodiconiferylalcohol 1], dehydroconiferylalcohol-4, r′-di-O-β-D-glucopyranoside）[3]， Olivil, olivil-4 ′ - O - β - d-glucopyranoside, olivil-4 ″ - O - β - d-glucopyranoside [6], olivil-4 ″ - O - β - d-glucopyranoside, olivil-4 ′, 4 ″ - di-o - β - d-glucopyranoside [2], d-cycloolivil [5], d-eucommia resin phenol(medioresinol) [1], Eucommin A is mesoresinol-4-o - β - d-glucopyranoside, mesoresinol-di-o - β - d-glucopyranoside [4]; Hedyotolc-4 ″, 4 ″ - di-o - β - d-glucopyranoside [6], Liriodendron [4], citrusinb [3]. it also contains a variety of iridoid components:Aucubin（aucubin）[2]， Ulmoside is aucubigenin-1- β -isomaltose [7],Genipin（genipin）[1]，Geniposide（geniposide），Geniposide acid（geniposidicacid）[6]， Ajugoside, harpagideacetate, restoside [8], eucommiol, eucommioside I [6], etc. It also contains phenolic components: racemic threo-guaiacylglycerol, racemic erythro-guaiacylglycerol [5], erythro-guaiacylglycerol β - coniferylaldehydether, threo-guaiacylglycerol ycerol- β -coniferylaldehydether),caffeic acid（caffeicacid），chlorogenic acid（chlorogenicacid），Chlorogenic acid methyl ester（methylchlorogenate）[1]，Vanillic acid(vanillicacid)[9]。 Triterpene composition:Betulin（betulin），Betulinic acid（be－tulicacid），Ursolic acid（ursolicacid），β - sitosterol（β-sitosterol），Carotene（dancosterol), [9] And includeL-phenylalanine（L-phenylalanine）、L-lysine（L-ly－sine）、L-tryptophan（L-tryptophan）、L-Methionine （L-methionine）、L-threonine（L-threo－nine）、L-valine （L-valine）、l-leucine （L-leucine）、L-isoleucineL-isoleucine, l-glutamicidL-cystine（L-cystine）、l-his 17 free amino acids including L-histidine and 15 trace elements such as germanium and selenium [10]. It also contains ulmoprenol [11],Kaempferol（kaempferol）， TartaricAcid, galactitol [2], n-triacontanol, n-nonacosane [9]. The bark also contains Eucommia ulmoides gum, which has the same structure as the maleic latex, namely guttapercha. It is a trans isoprene polymer and belongs to the hard rubber category, with a content of about 22.5% [12]

3、 Pharmacological effects of Eucommia ulmoides Oliv
1. central sedation. Take 18-22g white mice, either male or female, and randomly divide them into three groups. Put them into the test box connected with the pharmacological and physiological multi-purpose instrument in order, and record the number of mouse activities. The number of activities in 5 minutes was tested before administration, and then the number of activities in 5 minutes was tested by gavage with eucommia bark, leaf Decoction and normal saline, respectively, at 1, 2, and 3h, and compared with that before administration: after gavage with 15g / kg of eucommia bark Decoction and 20g / kg of Eucommia Leaf decoction, the number of activities of mice was significantly reduced in three different test times (P < 0.01); When 0.1ml / kg of normal saline was administered by gavage, the number of activities of mice did not decrease significantly (P > 0.05), see Table 3.

2. impact on immune function:.

  2.1. effect on cellular immune function:.

  2.1.1. effects on DNCB (2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene) - induced delayed type hypersensitivity in mice: Kunming mice, weighing 18-22g, were divided into six groups with 25 mice in each group. The drug group was gavaged with eucommia ulmoides solution (10ml / kg / D) for 10 times, and the control group was gavaged with deionized water and injected with cyclophosphamide (30mg / kg / D) subcutaneously every other day for 3 times. On the third day after administration, the blank and drug groups were sensitized by subcutaneous injection of 7% DNCB acetone solution (0.02ml / animal) on the second day after administration in the cyclophosphamide group, and sensitized again at the same dose every two days. On the tenth day after the first sensitization, the left ear was coated with 0.02ml of 1% DNCB acetone solution, and the right ear was used as the control. The animals were sacrificed 24 hours later, and the two ears were decocted and weighed, and the difference between the two ears' weights was used for statistical processing. . The results showed that gavage of eucommia bark, leaves, branches and regenerated bark could inhibit the delayed type hypersensitivity induced by DNCB in mice.

  2.1.2. effect on the percentage of T cells in the peripheral blood of mice: animals were divided into groups, with 10 animals in each group. The drug group was gavaged with drugs according to 10ml / kg body weight, and the control group was given the same volume of deionized water for 8 consecutive times. Blood smears were taken from the tail of mice 1h after the last administration, incubated, stained, and examined microscopically. 100 lymphocytes were examined in each animal blood specimen, and the percentage of T and B lymphocytes was calculated. . Using the same method, except for the blank group, mice in other groups were subcutaneously injected with hydrocortisone 40mg / kg at the same time of administration, and the effect of the drug and hydrocortisone on the percentage of T cells in peripheral blood was determined. Due to the inhibition of cellular immunity by hydrocortisone, the percentage of T cells was significantly reduced compared with the blank group (P < 0.001), but there was no significant difference in the percentage of T cells between the groups taking Astragalus membranaceus and Eucommia ulmoides compared with the normal group (P > 0.05), while there was a significant difference compared with the hydrocortisone group (P < 0.001), indicating that Eucommia ulmoides, like Astragalus membranaceus, can resist the immunosuppressive effect of hydrocortisone and have the function of regulating cellular immune balance. The animals were divided into groups, with 10 animals in each group. Except for the blank group, the animals in each group were transplanted with 0.2ml of human S180 cell suspension (l:3) in the anterior armpit respectively. After 4 days, they were given gastric medicine (20ml / kg. D) for 8 consecutive days. The blank and tumor bearing control groups were given the same volume of deionized water by gavage. At 1h after the last administration, the blood was taken to make blood tablets and microscopic examination. The cellular immune level of tumor bearing animals was lower than that of normal animals, and there was a significant difference in the percentage of T cells between the two groups (P < 0.05), while the percentage of T cells of tumor bearing animals in the Eucommia ulmoides Oliv group increased significantly, and there was no significant difference compared with the normal animal group (P > 0.05), but there was a significant difference compared with the tumor bearing animal group without medication (P < 0.05). Repeat the experiment, the results were consistent, indicating that Eucommia ulmoides Oliv leaves, bark, branches and regenerated bark all have the effect of enhancing the cellular immune function of tumor bearing mice. However, there was no significant difference in tumor weight between the drug groups and the tumor bearing control group (P > 0.05).

2. impact on humoral immune function:.

2.1. effect on the formation of serum hemolysin in mice mice mice were divided into each group according to the litter type, sex, and body weight. After continuous administration of Eucommia ulmoides Oliv Decoction 10ml / kg / D for 8 days, the orbital blood was taken to determine the HC50. The results showed that the HC50 of blank group and drug group were 179.91162.24 respectively, and there was no significant difference between the two groups (P > 0.05). The HC50 of cyclophosphamide group injected intramuscularly (20mg / kg body weight) on the day of sensitization was 96.43, which significantly inhibited the formation of serum hemolysin in normal mice. Three times of subcutaneous injection of cyclophosphamide 20mg / kg body weight on the day before sensitization, on the same day and at an interval of 1 day resulted in low hemolysin formation in mice. The above mice were given Eucommia ulmoides Oliv Decoction 10ml / (kg.d) for 10 days, and the blood was taken to determine HC50. Results the HC50 of blank group, cyclophosphamide control group and drug group were 242.83, 34.04 and 29.460, respectively, indicating that Eucommia ulmoides had no significant effect on cyclophosphamide induced serum hemolysin formation in mice (P > 0.05).

2.2.2. effect on the quick type hypersensitivity reaction of mice caused by trichosanthin: 0.1mg / mouse and 0.2mg / mouse were subcutaneously injected with trichosanthin every other day for sensitization twice. . In addition, the sensitization was induced by intraperitoneal injection of trichosanthin 50mg / mouse (dissolved in 5% aluminum hydroxide solution), and the drug was administered according to the above method at the same time, for a total of 9 times. On the 15th day after sensitization, each mouse was challenged with 0.3mg of trichosanthin intravenously, and the number of animal deaths was recorded. Results Eucommia ulmoides had no significant effect on trichosanthine induced immediate hypersensitivity in mice (P > 0.05).

2.2.3. effect on egg white induced anaphylactic shock in guinea pigs: according to Deng Wenlong's method, the administration method is the same as the above trichosanthin experiment. Attack on the 15th day after no sensitization. Results Eucommia ulmoides had no protective effect on egg white induced anaphylactic shock in guinea pigs (P > 0.05).

2.3. impact on non-specific immune function:.

2.3.1. effect on the clearance rate of charcoal powder in the blood of mice there are 100 white mice, weighing 25-28g, male and female. They were divided into drug group and control group. The drug group was treated with 6 g / kg of Eucommia ulmoides Decoction orally once a day for 6 days. The control group was treated with the same volume of normal water and dangshen Huangqi Decoction (3G / kg each). At 24 hours after the last administration, mice in each group were injected with 0.2ml of Indian ink through the tail vein, 25ul of blood was taken from the orbital vein 2 minutes and 20 minutes after injection, aspirated and washed into 0.1%na2co2, 2ml solution, shaken well, and the optical density of 650mm was measured with a 72 spectrophotometer, and the phagocytic index K was calculated according to the formula, k= (logc1-logc2) / (t2-t1), where C1 is the optical density of 2-minute (T1) blood sample, and C2 is the optical density of 20 minute (T2) blood sample. The K value is directly proportional to the phagocytic function of the reticuloendothelial system in mice. It can be seen that the phagocytic index of eucommia bark, leaves, branches, regenerated bark and Codonopsis pilosula Astragalus group increased, which was significantly different from that of the Changshui group, P < 0.05 or 0.001, indicating that they can activate the phagocytosis of monocyte macrophage system and improve the phagocytic function of reticuloendothelial system in mice.

2.3.2. effect on phagocytic function of peritoneal macrophages in mice: 129 white mice were tested in two batches. The drug group was treated with 12 g / kg Eucommia ulmoides Decoction once a day for 6 days. The control group was treated with the same volume of normal saline and dangshen Huangqi Decoction (6 g / kg each). Each group was intraperitoneally injected with 1ml of fresh beef soup after 6 days of administration, and then intraperitoneally injected with 0.5ml of 2% chicken erythrocyte normal saline suspension 24 hours later. The animals were sacrificed 40 minutes later. The peritoneal inflammatory exudates were smeared, stained with Wright's stain, and examined microscopically. The phagocytic percentage and phagocytic index were calculated (the results of the two batches of experiments were consistent, and combined). . 168 mice were divided into two batches of experiments. The method was the same as before, but from the third day of administration, except for the blank group, the mice in each group were injected with hydrocortisone 20mg / kg intramuscularly every day for three consecutive days. The results of the two batches of experiments are consistent, and the calculation is shown in Table 9. . And its value is larger than that of blank normal saline group. The results showed that Eucommia ulmoides can adjust the immune function of the body and resist the immunosuppressive effect of hydrocortisone. The animals were divided into groups with 10 animals in each group. Except for the blank group, the animals in each group were transplanted with 0.2ml of S180 cell suspension (l:3) in the right anterior axilla, and began to take Eucommia ulmoides water decoction (12ml / kg / D) orally for 12 consecutive times. The control group was given the same volume of deionized water, and the phagocytic percentage and phagocytic index of peritoneal phagocytes were determined according to the above method 24 hours after the last administration. Compared with the normal animal group, the function of peritoneal macrophages in tumor bearing mice was significantly reduced, and their phagocytic percentage and phagocytic index were significantly reduced (P < 0.01). However, compared with the tumor bearing control group, the phagocytic percentage and phagocytic index of tumor bearing mice treated with eucommia ulmoides Oliv were significantly increased (P < 0.001 or 0.01), and returned to the normal level, indicating that Eucommia ulmoides Oliv bark, leaves, branches and regenerated bark can enhance the phagocytic function of peritoneal macrophages in tumor bearing mice.

3. effect on the function of pituitary adrenal cortex system:.

3.1. effect on protein induced foot swelling in rats: 60 rats weighing 115-170g were divided into drug group and control group according to weight and gender. The drug group was given alcohol precipitated Eucommia ulmoides Decoction orally at the dose of 6G / kg / D for 8 consecutive days, and the control group was given normal saline. The swelling value of rat feet was measured by volumetric method; Results after 3 hours of inflammation, the swelling value of rats' feet in the eucommia bark, leaf and regenerated bark groups decreased significantly compared with the control group (P < 0.05), but the effect of Eucommia ulmoides branch was not obvious (P < 0.05).

3.2. effects on eosinophils in peripheral blood of rats: 96 rats, weighing 50-80g, were evenly divided according to weight and gender. The drug group was treated with water decoction of eucommia bark, leaves, branches and regenerated bark orally at the dose of 6G / kg / D for 6 consecutive days, and the same volume of normal saline was administered orally, and cortisone acetate 50mg / kg was intramuscularly injected 4 hours before the experiment as a control. The number of eosinophils in the peripheral blood of rats was measured by direct counting method, and the percentage of eosinophil reduction was calculated by comparing with the average normal value measured for 2 days before each administration. It can be seen that eucommia bark, leaves, branches, regenerated bark and cortisone acetate can reduce eosinophils in the peripheral blood of rats. Another 95 adrenalectomized rats were used. After taking the same medicine, the eosinophils in the peripheral blood of rats in Eucommia ulmoides group did not decrease, and the survival time of rats did not prolong. The comparison of the two phases shows that the effect of Eucommia ulmoides depends on the presence of adrenal gland.

3.3. effect on lymphocytes in peripheral blood of mice: 170 mice. . The results of the two batches of experiments are consistent and calculated together. It can be seen that eucommia bark, leaves, branches and regenerated bark can reduce the percentage of lymphocytes in the blood of mice, which is significantly different from that in the normal saline group (P < 0.001), but not significantly different from that in the hydrocortisone group (P < 0.05), indicating that eucommia bark (bark, leaves, branches and regenerated bark) and hydrocortisone have the same effect of reducing lymphocytes in the blood of mice.

3.4. impact on glucose metabolism:.

3.4.1. effects on hepatic glycogen in mice 122 male mice weighing 25-30g were divided into two groups for experiments. The drug group was given water decoction of eucommia bark, leaves, branches and regenerated bark at 10g / kg for 8 consecutive times, and the other groups were given oral normal water and intramuscular hydrocortisone 40mg / kg (injected in the last two days) as controls. After 14 hours of fasting, mice in each group were orally administered with glucose (10g/kg), and the animals were sacrificed 3 hours later, and liver glycogen was measured. The results of the two batches of experiments showed the same trend. Combined calculation showed that eucommia bark, leaves, branches, regenerated bark and hydrocortisone all increased the liver glycogen content of mice, which was significantly different from that of the common group (P < 0.001). It indicated that Eucommia ulmoides could promote the accumulation of hepatic glycogen.

3.4.2. effect on blood glucose in mice 130 mice, weighing 25-27g, were evenly grouped. The experiment was carried out in two batches. The drug was administered orally twice a day at the dose of 10G / kg for 9 consecutive times. In addition, the group of oral normal water and intramuscular hydrocortisone 30mg / kg (injected 2 hours before the experiment) were used as controls. Animals in each group were fasted 24 hours before the experiment, and blood glucose was measured 2 hours after the last administration. The trends of the two batches of experiments were the same, and the combined calculation was made. It can be seen that eucommia bark, leaves, branches, regenerated bark and hydrocortisone all increase the blood glucose content of mice. . The results showed that the bark, leaves, branches and regenerated bark of Eucommia ulmoides had the effect of increasing blood glucose.

3.5. effect on thymus of young mice: follow the ac-th bioassay method, weaned young mice weighing 8-l1g were randomly divided into groups according to litter type and body weight. The drug was divided into two doses of 10G / (kg.d) and 20g / (kg.d), and was administered subcutaneously for 5 consecutive days. In addition, rats were subcutaneously injected with the same volume of normal saline and acth0.5 units / mouse (the last three injections were once a day) as the control. The rats were sacrificed, weighed, and the thymus was accurately weighed (i0.5mg), and the square root value of thymus weight (mg) per 100g body weight was calculated. ; However, when the dose was increased to 20g / kg, the bark, leaves, branches and regenerated bark of Eucommia ulmoides made the thymus of mice shrink significantly (P < 0.01 or 0.001), indicating that Eucommia ulmoides and ACTH have the same effect on the thymus of mice. But the dosage of branches and leaves should be large.

3.6. effect on vitamin C content in rat adrenal gland: 37 male rats weighing 60-90g were evenly divided into groups, and the pharmacological group was orally administered at 10g / (kg · d) for 8 consecutive days. Another group was treated with oral normal saline as control. The animals were decapitated and sacrificed, and the adrenal gland was taken to determine the content of vitamin C. The experimental results showed that the content of vitamin C in adrenal gland of rats in eucommia bark, leaf and branch groups was lower than that in normal saline group, but there was no significant difference (P > 0.05).

3.7. effect on plasma cortisol of rats: 69 rats, evenly grouped. The drug group was given 10g / kg orally twice a day for 8 consecutive days. . One hour after the last administration, the rats were decapitated and sacrificed. The blood was collected and the plasma was centrifuged to determine the cortisol content. It can be seen that eucommia bark, leaves, branches, regenerated bark and ACTH can increase the plasma cortisol content of rats, and the difference is very significant compared with the normal water group (P < 0.01 or (0.001). It showed that Eucommia ulmoides increased the secretion of cortisol and released it into the blood.

4. anti tumor effect: prepare the water extract and alcohol precipitate a and injection B of red Eucommia ulmoides, and carry out the in vivo anti-tumor test of these two preparations according to the screening protocol. Preparation a significantly inhibited the growth of S180 solid tumor in mice, and the inhibition rate was 31-52% after 3 experimental replicates. It also inhibits the growth of U14 solid tumor in mice. The effect of preparation B on Min S180 solid tumor is unstable, and the inhibition rate is 45% only once in three experiments. Preparation B is the preparation obtained after the removal of tannin from preparation A. therefore, it can be speculated that the anti-tumor effect of preparation a may be caused by tannin or substances combined or precipitated with gelatin.

. The effect of subcutaneous injection was stronger than that of intragastric administration. The effect of hydrocortisone 25mg / kg in the first 2 hours was stronger than that of hydrocortisone 25mg / kg, and the effect was similar after that, which could be maintained for more than 6 hours. Subcutaneous injection of 200g (original drug) / kg hongshezhong injection could also inhibit the increase of peritoneal capillary permeability induced by acetic acid in mice. The optical density of peritoneal lavage fluid was 0.116 ± 0.055, which was significantly lower than that of the control group (0.212 ± 0.047) (P < 0.01).

6. antihypertensive effect: seven rabbits (2.5-3.2kg) and two dogs (15kg), both male and female, were used as experimental animals. After the animals were anesthetized, the common carotid artery and trachea were separated and intubated according to the conventional method, connected to a mercury manometer, and their blood pressure and respiration were recorded with jl-3 three channel physiological recorder. The water decoction of 100% raw Eucommia ulmoides, fried Eucommia ulmoides and sand scalded Eucommia ulmoides was administered by jugular vein at a dose of 1ml / kg. Three kinds of Eucommia ulmoides decoction have obvious antihypertensive effect on rabbits and dogs, but the antihypertensive effect of raw Eucommia ulmoides is weak. The effects of fried Eucommia ulmoides charcoal and sand scalded Eucommia ulmoides are almost the same, and its absolute value of antihypertensive is twice that of raw Eucommia ulmoides.

7. inhibitory effect on uterus: after female rats of 150-220g were killed by slamming their heads, they immediately removed a section outside the uterine bifurcation, washed the blood, hung it on the YSD ex vivo organ tester, the nutrient solution was Roche solution, adjusted the constant temperature to 31 ℃± 0.2 ℃, introduced air, and added 0.5ml of 100% Eucommia ulmoides Decoction to 10ml of nutrient solution to ensure the consistency of administration and recording time, and recorded the effects of three different Eucommia ulmoides samples on the uterus and the effect of anti pituitrin. . At the same time, it can also be seen that its shrinkage strength is reduced. In addition, three kinds of Eucommia ulmoides could resist the effect of pituitrin on isolated uterus. In addition, the inhibitory effect of salt baked Eucommia ulmoides Oliv on the spontaneous contraction of isolated uterus of pregnant mice was enhanced.

8. strong effect:.

8.1. effect on animal activity: white mice weighing 22 ± 2G, male or female, were randomly divided into drug group and control group, and the anti fatigue test was carried out according to the swimming method of white mice. During the experiment, the mice were placed in a swimming tank with a water temperature of 28 ℃± 1 ℃ and a volume of 64 × 34 × 40cm, and the time required for the mice to sink to the water surface for 7 seconds was tested. . Administration group: the 21 day group was given eucommia bark Decoction 15g / kg and eucommia leaf Decoction 20g / kg by gavage, and compared with the normal water control group, the difference was significant in the bark Decoction group (P < 0.05), but not in the leaf Decoction group (P > 0.05).

8.2. impact on animal resistance:.

8.2.1. frost resistance test of white mice: white mice weighing 22 ± 2G, regardless of gender, were randomly divided into the administration group and the control group. Before the experiment, they were fasted for 10 hours, given eucommia bark, leaf Decoction and leaf granule respectively, and compared with normal water. According to gender, each two white mice with similar weight were placed in the same cage, placed in the refrigerator at -3 ℃, and the survival time of the animals (x ± SD) was tested. ; 0 ± 59. 0 min in the 10% Eucommia ulmoides leaves Decoction group (n = 20); The normal water control group was 175.0 ± 58 minutes (n=17). There was a significant difference between the medication group and the control group (P < 0.01). After 28 days of self drinking, the survival time of 20% Eucommia ulmoides leaf granule group was 261.0 ± 41.0 minutes (n = 7), and that of the normal water control group was 174.0 ± 53 minutes (n = 14), with significant difference between the two groups (P < 0.05).

8.2.2. hypoxia tolerance test of mice the mice were given eucommia bark Decoction and Eucommia ulmoides instant granules respectively, with normal saline or normal water as the control. The rats were put into a 250ml wide mouth bottle with a unit of, and the bottle mouth was sealed with Vaseline. The survival time of the animals in the bottle (x ± SD) was tested. Results: the survival time of mice in the 100% eucommia bark Decoction 10g / kg gavage group was 46.0 ± 12.0 minutes (n = 7), and that in the normal saline 0.1ml / kg group was 32.0 ± 12.0 minutes (n = 9), with significant difference between the two groups (P < 0.05); The survival time of mice in the 20% eucommia leaf granule self drinking 28 days group was 34.0 ± 6.0 minutes (n = 7), and that in the normal water control group was 27.0 ± 5.0 minutes (n = 11), with significant difference between the two groups (P < 0.05).

9. effect on plasma cAMP and cGMP content: Kunming mice were divided into control group and experimental group according to litter type, sex and body weight, with 10 pairs for each. The rats in the control group were given the same amount of deionized water, once a day for five consecutive days. One hour after the last administration, the rats in the control group were decapitated and blood samples were taken. The blood samples of two animals in each pair were taken as one sample. The contents of camp and cGMP in plasma were determined by radioimmunoassay. Results the content of camp in the control group was 70.88 ± 4.53 (x ± se, the same below), and that in the eucommia bark group was 100.39 ± 15.45 (P < 0.05); The cGMP content in the control group was 54.50 ± 16.42, and that in the eucommia bark group was 137.84 ± 25.08 (P < 0.05), indicating that Eucommia ulmoides can simultaneously increase the content of camp and cGMP in plasma, indicating that Eucommia ulmoides can regulate the metabolism of cyclic nucleotides. At the same time, the experiment proved that Eucommia ulmoides leaves, branches and regenerated bark could also cause the increase of camp and cGMP content in plasma.