Huashanshen
1、 Pharmacopoeia standard of huashanshen       . Excavate in spring, remove fibrous roots, wash and dry.
     
      Marks and longitudinal wrinkles, with ring pattern on the upper part. The top often has 1 to several rhizomes with stem scars and warty protrusions. It is hard, with white or yellowish white section, narrow skin, broad wood, and fine radial texture. It has tobacco smell, slightly bitter taste and slightly numb tongue.
      , [identification] (1) cross section of this product: the cork layer consists of several to more than 10 rows of cork cells, and the outermost cells are yellowish brown. The cambium ring is obvious. The xylem accounts for the majority of the root, and several vessels are clustered together. Some vessels are surrounded by small sieve tube groups, which are phloem between trees. The parenchyma and rays of wood have sand crystal containing cells. Near the center of the duct or duct group is sometimes surrounded by several to more than 10 layers of brown flat corky cells, containing yellowish brown secretions. Parenchyma cells were filled with starch granules, and some contained calcium oxalate sand crystals.
      The powder is off white. There are many starch grains, single round, with a diameter of 3-15 µ m, and umbilicus punctate, fissured or forked; Compound granules are composed of 2-4 fractions. Calcium oxalate sand crystals mostly exist in parenchyma cells. The diameter of reticulated duct is 17-85 µ M.
      (2) Take 4G of the fine powder of this product, add 15ml of 85% ethanol, shake for 15 minutes, filter, evaporate the filtrate, add 2ml of 1% sulfuric acid solution, stir, filter, add ammonia test solution to the filtrate to make it alkaline, add 2ml of trichloromethane, shake and extract, separate the trichloromethane solution, evaporate to dryness, add 5 drops of fuming nitric acid to the residue, evaporate to dryness, let cool, add ethanol to the residue to make 3-4 drops of potassium hydroxide test solution and a small piece of potassium hydroxide, that is, it shows violet.
      (3) Take 1g of powder in this product, add 2ml of concentrated ammonia test solution ethanol (1:1) mixed solution to wet, add 20ml of chloroform, heat and reflux for 1 hour, filter, carefully evaporate the filtrate, add 1ml of chloroform to dissolve, and use it as the test solution. In addition, atropine sulfate control, scopolamine hydrobromide control, anisodamine hydrobromide control and scopolamine control were added with ethanol to make a mixed solution containing 1mg per 1ml as the control solution. Test according to thin-layer chromatography (general rule 0502), suck 5 µ l of each of the above two solutions, dot them on the same silica gel G thin-layer plate, use ethyl acetate methanol concentrated ammonia test solution (17:2:1) as the developing agent, develop, take out, dry, and view under ultraviolet light (365nm). In the chromatogram of the test sample, the same blue white fluorescent main spot (scopoletin) appears at the position corresponding to the chromatogram of the control sample. Then spray bismuth potassium iodide test solution and sodium nitrite ethanol test solution successively. In the chromatogram of the test sample, there are four brown spots at the corresponding positions of the chromatogram of the control sample.
      [check] moisture   .
      Total ash   Not more than 8.0% (general rule 2302).
      [extract] according to the hot leaching method under the determination method of alcohol soluble extract (general rule 2201), the use of ethanol as solvent shall not be less than 11.0%.
      [content determination] alkaloids   Preparation of reference solution   Take an appropriate amount of atropine sulfate reference substance dried at 120 ℃ to constant weight, weigh accurately, and add water to make a solution containing 75 µ g of hyoscyamine per 1ml.
      Preparation of test solution   Take about 0.25g of the powder in this product, accurately weigh it, place it in a corked conical flask, precisely add 25ml of citric acid disodium hydrogen phosphate buffer (pH4.0), shake it for 5 minutes, place it overnight, filter it with dry filter paper, and take the filtrate.
      Assay   Precisely measure 2ml of the test solution and 2ml of the reference solution, respectively, and put them into a separatory funnel. Precisely add 10ml of citric acid disodium hydrogen phosphate buffer (pH4.0) to each solution, then precisely add 2ml of 0.04% bromocresol green solution prepared with the above buffer, evenly mix, shake and extract with 10ml of trichloromethane for 5 minutes. After the solution is completely layered, separate the trichloromethane solution, filter it into a 25ml volumetric flask with a trichloromethane moistened filter paper, extract with trichloromethane for three times, 5ml each time, filter it into a volumetric flask in turn, wash the filter paper with trichloromethane, and filter it into a volumetric flask add trichloromethane to the mark, shake well, measure the absorbance at the wavelength of 415nm according to the UV visible spectrophotometry (general rule 0401), and calculate.
      The alkaloids contained in this product shall not be less than 0.20% based on the calculation of hyoscyamine (c17h23no3).
      Scopoletin   Determine according to high-performance liquid chromatography (general rule 0512).
      Chromatographic conditions and system suitability test   ; The mobile phase was methanol-0.3% phosphoric acid solution (30:70); The detection wavelength was 344nm. The number of theoretical plates should not be less than 4000 according to scopoletin peak.
      Preparation of reference solution   Take an appropriate amount of scopoletin reference substance, accurately weigh it, add methanol to make a solution containing 16 µ g per 1ml.
      Preparation of test solution   Take about 0.5g of this product powder (passing through No. 3 screen), weigh it accurately, place it in a corked conical flask, add 25ml of methanol precisely, close the stopper, weigh it, place it for 1 hour, shake it constantly, sonicate it (power 300W, frequency 40KHz) for 1 hour, cool it, weigh it again, make up the lost weight with methanol, shake it well, filter it, and take the filtrate.
      Assay   Precisely suck 10 µ l of the control solution and 10 µ l of the test solution respectively, inject them into the liquid chromatograph, and determine.
      The content of scopoletin (c10h8o4) in this product shall not be less than 0.080% according to the calculation of dry product.
      Decoction pieces
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      [nature, taste and meridian tropism] sweet, slightly bitter, warm; Toxic. Return to lung and heart meridian.
      . For cold phlegm, asthma, cough, palpitation and insomnia.
      [usage and dosage] 0.1 ～ 0.2g.
      [note] do not take too much to avoid poisoning; Glaucoma patients are forbidden to take it; Pregnant women and those with severe prostatic hypertrophy should use it with caution.
      [storage] store in a ventilated and dry place to prevent moths.


2、 Chemical constituents of Panax japonicus
Share in the rootFarneside（fabiatrin)， Scopoline, atropine,Anisodamine（anisodamine)，Scopolamine（scopolamine)，Aposcopolamine（aposcopolamine)[1]

3、 Pharmacological effects of Radix et Rhizoma huashanshen (Radix et Rhizoma et Rhizoma et Rhizoma)the study on the pharmacological effects of Radix et Rhizoma huashanshen (Radix et Rhizoma et Rhizoma et Rhizoma et Rhizoma et Rhizoma huashanshen
1. effect on central nervous system

2. antiasthmatic effect

3. other functions:
  3.1. spasticity: water or ethanol extract can relieve the spasticity of isolated rabbit intestine caused by pilocarpine, and can also resist the salivation of rabbits caused by it,
  3.2. pupil dilation: the pupil of rabbits can be dilated during eye drops.