Cassia seed
1、 Pharmacopoeia standard of cassia seed       This product is the dried and mature seeds of Cassia obtusifolia L. or Cassia tora L., a leguminous plant. Mature fruits are harvested in autumn, dried in the sun, seeded, and impurities removed.
      [character] Cassia obtusifolia   It is slightly rhombic square or short cylindrical, with both ends inclined parallel, 3 ~ 7mm long and 2 ~ 4mm wide. The surface is green brown or dark brown, smooth and shiny. ― the end is flat, and the other end is inclined and pointed. There is a raised edge line on the dorsal and ventral surface, and there is a oblique symmetrical and light linear concave pattern on both sides of the edge line. It is hard and not easy to break. Seed coat is thin, cotyledons are 2, yellow, folded and overlapped in "s" shape. The breath is slight, and the taste is slightly bitter.
      Cassia obtusifolia   It is short cylindrical, small, 3-5mm long and 2-3mm wide. There is a broad light yellow brown color band on both sides of the surface edge line.
      [identification] (1) the powder of this product is yellowish brown. The seed coat grid cells are colorless or light yellow, with 1 row of cells on the side, rectangular, slightly uneven arrangement, 42-53 µ m long, thick wall, and 2 brilliant bands; The surface is polygonal, and the wall is slightly shrunk. The surface of seed coat Sertoli cells is quasi circular, with a diameter of 10-35 (55) µ m, and two concentric circles can be seen; . The stratum corneum fragments are 11-19 µ m thick. Calcium oxalate clusters are numerous and mostly exist in parenchymal cells, with a diameter of 8-21 µ M.
      (2) Take 1g of this product powder, add 10ml of methanol, soak for 1 hour, filter, evaporate the filtrate, add 10ml of water to dissolve the residue, add 1ml of hydrochloric acid, heat it on a water bath for 30 minutes, cool it immediately, extract twice with ether, 20ml each time, combine the ether solution, evaporate to dryness, add 1ml of trichloromethane to dissolve the residue, and use it as the test solution. In addition, take the orange Cassia reference substance and chrysophanol reference substance, add absolute ethanol ethyl acetate (2:1) to make a mixed solution containing 1mg per 1ml as the reference solution. According to the test of thin-layer chromatography (general rule 0502), suck 2 µ l of each of the above two solutions, dot them on the same silica gel h thin-layer plate, develop them with petroleum ether (30 ～ 60 ℃) - acetone (2:1), take them out, and dry them in the air. In the chromatogram of the test sample, spots with the same color appear at the corresponding position of the chromatogram of the control sample; After fumigating in ammonia vapor, the spots turn bright yellow (orange cassia obtusine) and pink (chrysophanol).
      [check] moisture   .
      Total ash   .
      Aflatoxin   Determine according to the aflatoxin determination method (general rule 2351).
      The content of aflatoxin B1 should not exceed 5 µ g per 1000g, and the total amount of aflatoxin G2, aflatoxin G11, aflatoxin B2 and aflatoxin B1 should not exceed 10 µ G.
      [content determination] determine according to HPLC (general rule 0512).
      Chromatographic conditions and system suitability test   ; Acetonitrile was used as mobile phase a, and 0.1% phosphoric acid solution was used as mobile phase B. gradient elution was performed according to the following table; The detection wavelength was 284nm. The number of theoretical plates should not be less than 3000 according to the peak of orange Cassia.
   
        Preparation of reference solution   Take an appropriate amount of chrysophanol reference substance and hesperidin reference substance, weigh accurately, add anhydrous ethanol ethyl acetate (2:1) mixed solution to make a mixed solution containing 30 µ g chrysophanol and 20 µ g hesperidin per 1ml.
      Preparation of test solution   Take about 0.5g of this product powder (passing through No. 3 screen), accurately weigh it, place it in a corked conical flask, precisely add 50ml of methanol, weigh it, heat it for reflux for 2 hours, cool it, then weigh it, use methanol to make up the weight lost, shake it well, filter it, accurately measure 25ml of continuous filtrate, evaporate it to dryness, add 30ml of diluted hydrochloric acid, heat it in a water bath for hydrolysis for 1 hour, immediately cool it, shake it with chloroform for four times, 30ml each time, combine the chloroform solution, recover the solvent to dryness, dissolve the residue with absolute ethanol ethyl acetate (2:1) mixed solution, transfer it to a 25ml volumetric flask, dilute it to the scale, shake it homogenize, filter and take the continuous filtrate.
      Assay   Precisely suck 10 µ l of the control solution and 10 µ l of the test solution respectively, inject them into the liquid chromatograph, and determine.
      Calculated as a dry product, the content of chrysophanol (c15h10o4) shall not be less than 0.20%, and the content of hesperidin (c17h14o7) shall not be less than 0.080%.
      Decoction pieces
      [processing] cassia seed   Remove impurities, wash and dry. Mash when needed.
      [character], [identification], [inspection], [content determination] are the same as those of medicinal materials.
      Stir fried cassia seed   Take cassia seed and stir fry it according to the clear frying method (general rule 0213) until it is slightly puffy and fragrant. Mash when needed.
      This product is shaped like cassia seed, slightly bulging, green brown or dark brown on the surface, with occasional focal spots. Slightly fragrant.
      [check] moisture   .
      Total ash   No more than 6.0% for the same medicinal materials.
      [content determination] the content of chrysophanol (c15h10o4) shall not be less than 0.12%, and that of orange Cassia (c17h14o7) shall not be less than 0.080%.
      [identification] the same as medicinal materials.
      . Return to liver and large intestine channels.
      [functions and indications] it can clear away heat and eyesight, moisten the intestines and relieve constipation. It is used for redness and pain in the eyes, shyness and tears, headache and dizziness, unclear eyes, and constipation of stool.
      .
      [storage] put it in a dry place.


2、 Chemical constituents of cassia seed
Cassia seed containsChrysophanol(chrysophanol)，Emodin methyl ether(physcion)，Cassia anthraquinone(obtusifolin)，Hesperidin(Aurantioobtusin)，Cassia obtusifolia(obtusin)，Hesperidin(aurantio-obtusin)， ,Hesperidin-6-o-glucoside(gluco-aurantio-obtusin)， Rubrofusarin, cassiaside, torosachrysone, isotoralactone, cassialactone, 2,5-dimethoxybenzone, toralactone,Emodin(emodin)，Aloe Emodin(aloe-emodin)， Chrysophanol-9-anthro-ne, cassiaside B and C, rubrofusarin-6-o-gentiobioside, alaternin-1-o - β - d-glucopyranoside, physcion-8-o - β - d-glucopyranoside, 1-demethyl cassin (1-desmethylobtusin), 1-desmethylaurantio-ob-tusin, 1-desmethylchryso-obtusin, chrysophanol-10, 10 ˊ -bianthrone, emodin-8-methyl ether, benzoicacid. In addition, the oil content is 4.65% - 5.79%, and the main component ispalmitic acid(palmiticacid)， Stearic acid, OLEICACID, linoleic acid. It also contains 0.014% of the oil that can be volatilized by steam, including dihydroactinodiolide, m-cresol, 2-hydroxy-4-methoxy-ace-tophenone, methylpalmitate, and methyl oleate. Among the non saponified substances, there are c16-c31 alkanes, cholesterols,Stigmasterol(stigmasterol)，β - sitosterol(β-sitosterol)， 1,3-dihydroxy-3-methylanthraquinone. Cassia seed containsChrysophanol，Cassia obtusifolia，Hesperidin，Emodin，Aloe Emodin，Emodin methyl ether, cassia seed lactone,Rhein(rhein)， Cassia maydis, cassia flavescens, rosarin, norrubrofusarin, cassioside, cassioside B,Rubricin Gentiobioside, apigenin glucoside

3、
1. antibacterial effect
2. antifungal effect
3. Depressurization
4. impact on hyperlipidemia
5. antiplatelet aggregation
6. impact on immune function
7. hepatoprotective effect the hot water extract of Cassia obtusifolia has a weak detoxification effect on the liver of carbon tetrachloride poisoned mice after oral administration of 670mg/kg
8. purgative effect cassia seed has a laxative effect
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10. inhibiting the action of 15 Hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (15-ohpgdh) prostaglandin E2, which has diuretic effect, is converted into 15 keto prostaglandin through the action of 15 Hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase and is excreted outside the body. By inhibiting this in vivo reaction, the diuretic effect can be prolonged. . Using ethane, chloroform, methanol and water to extract in turn, and then column analysis method to separate the enzyme activity inhibitory substances, it was found that the IC50 of anthraquinone derivatives Cassia obtusifolia and cassia maydis were 1.064 × 10mol / L and 1.666 × 10mol / L, respectively, and the IC50 of coexisting anthraquinone derivatives chrysophanol and emodin methyl ether were 1.789 × 10mol / L and 1.236 × 10mol / L, respectively, and the inhibitory activities were weak.
11. toxicity experiments prove that anthraquinone compounds in medicinal plants are carcinogenic